{"msg":"项目管理","code":200,"data":{"currentIndex":null,"examId":null,"examTime":null,"questionList":[{"id":"796238791353323521","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>个空。</strong></p>项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中（32）是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础：（33）要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；（34）采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","analyze":"项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中项目开发计划是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础；范围管理要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；进度管理采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238792255098881"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238792255098881","questionId":"796238791353323521","content":" 进度管理","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238792276070401","questionId":"796238791353323521","content":" 风险管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238792301236225","questionId":"796238791353323521","content":" 范围管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238792318013441","questionId":"796238791353323521","content":" 配置管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238800295579649","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>（28）是系统分析阶段结束后得到的工作产品，（29）是系统测试阶段完成后的工作产品。","analyze":"本题考查软件配置项的基本概念。<br>随着软件开发工作的开展，会得到许多工作产品或阶段产品，还会用到许多工具软件。所有这些独立的信息项都要得到妥善的管理，决不能出现混乱，以便于在提出某些特定的要求时，将它们进行约定的组合来满足使用的目的。这些信息项目是配針管理的对象，称为软件配置项。<br>软件配置项目可以分为以下几类：<br>（1）环境类，指软件开发环境或软件维护环境，例如编译器、操作系统、编辑器、数据库管理系统、开发工具、项目管理工具、文档编制工具等；<br>（2）定义类，是需求分析与定义阶段结束后得到的工作产品，例如需求规格说明、项目开发计划、设计标准或设计准则、验收测试计划等：<br>（3）设计类，设计阶段结束后得到的工作产品，例如系统设计规格说明、程序规格说明、数据库设计、编码标准、用户界面标准、测试标准、系统测试计划、用户手册等;<br>（4）测试类，系统测试完成后的工作产品，例如系统测试数据、系统测试结果、操作手册、安装手册等：<br>（5）维护类，进入维护阶段以后产生的工作产品。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238801201549313"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238801184772097","questionId":"796238800295579649","content":" 系统设计规格说明","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238801201549313","questionId":"796238800295579649","content":" 系统方案建议书","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238801222520833","questionId":"796238800295579649","content":" 程序规格说明","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238801239298049","questionId":"796238800295579649","content":" 单元测试数据","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238736424718337","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>PERT图是进度安排的常用图形描述方法之一，它能够（24）。在PERT图上通过（25）分析可以计算完成整个项目的最短工期。","analyze":"本题主要考查PERT图的基础知识。<br>PERT图是进行项目管理工作中进度安排的常用图形工具和描述方法之一，它能够反映各个任务之间的依赖关系。在PERT图上通过关键路径分折可以计算完成整个项目的最短工期。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238737565569025"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238737519431681","questionId":"796238736424718337","content":" 描述每个任务的进展情况以及各个任务之间的并行性","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238737565569025","questionId":"796238736424718337","content":" 反映各个任务之间的依赖关系","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238737611706369","questionId":"796238736424718337","content":" 以日历为基准描述项目任务","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238737657843713","questionId":"796238736424718337","content":" 用条形表示每个任务的持续时间","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238771036114945","title":"软件配置管理中，每一项配置变更都要在配置状态报告中进行详细的记录。配置状态报告的信息流如下图所示，图中①②③处分别是（）。<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"276\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/45c91b7ed46e2e88e2360fb49c63378d.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\">","analyze":"本题考查的是软件配置管理中配置状态报告的基本知识。<br>软件配置管理(Software Configuration Management，SCM)是指通过执行版本控制、变更控制的规程，以及使用合适的配置管理工具，来保证所有配置项的完整性和可跟踪性。软件配置管理中，每一项配置变更都要在配置状态报告中进行详细的记录。<br>在配置状态报告中，需要对每一项变更进行详细的记录，包括：发生了什么？为什么会发生？谁做的？什么时候发生的？会有什么影响？整个配置状态报告的信息流如下图所示。<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"397\" height=\"263\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/5b0639b94985b9401baf8a2d272e2e27.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>如上图所示，每次新分配一个配置项，或者更新一个已有配置项或配置项标识，或者一项变更申请被变更控制负责人批准，并给出了一个工程变更顺序时，在配置状态报告中就要增加一条变更记录条目；一旦进行了配置审核，其结果也应该写入报告中。配置状态报告可以放在一个联机数据库中，以便开发人员或者维护人员对它进行查询或修改。此外，在配置状态报告中，新记录的变更应当及时通知给管理人员和其他项目干系人。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238772042747905"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238771971444737","questionId":"796238771036114945","content":" 配置确定、配置审核、配置控制","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238772009193473","questionId":"796238771036114945","content":" 配置审核、配置控制、配置确定","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238772042747905","questionId":"796238771036114945","content":" 配置确定、配置控制、配置审核","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238772080496641","questionId":"796238771036114945","content":" 配置控制、配置确定、配置审核","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238797309235201","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>（27）把软件项目整体或者主要的可交付成果分解为易于管理、方便控制的若干个子项目；再将子项目继续分解为工作包。在每个分解单元中，都存在可交付成果和里程碑。该模型的主要用途是（28）。","analyze":"本题考查项目范围管理的基本知识。<br>范围管理就是要确定项目的边界，也就是说，要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包括在项目中。这个过程用于确保项目干系人对作为项目结果的产品(或服务(，以及开发这些产品所确定的过程有一个共同的理解。<br>WBS(工作分解结构(把项目整体或者主要的可交付成果分解成容易管理、方便控制的若干个子项目，子项目需要继续分解为工作包。持续这个过程，直到整个项目都分解为可管理的工作包，这些工作包的总和就是项目的所有工作范围。<br>创建WBS的目的是详细规定项目的范围，建立范围基准。具体来说，其主要目的和用途如下：<br>①明确和准确说明项目范围，项目组成员能够清楚地理解任务的性质和需要努力的方向。<br>②为各独立单元分派人员，规定这呰人员的相应职责，可以确定完成项目所需要的技术和人力资源。<br>③针对各独立单元，进行时间、费用和资源需求量的估算，提高估算的准确性。<br>④为计划、预算、进度安排和费用控制奠定共同基础，确定项目进度测量和控制的基准。<br>⑤将项目工作与项目的财务账目联系起来。<br>⑥清楚地定义项目的边界，便于划分和分派责任，自上而下将项目目标落实到具体的工作上，并将这些工作交给项目内外的个人或组织去完成。<br>⑦确定工作内容和工作顺序。可以使用图形化的方式来杳看工作内容，任何人都能够清楚地辨别项目的阶段、工作单元，并根据实际进展情况进行调节和控制。<br>⑧估计项目整体和全过程的费用。<br>⑨有助于防止需求蔓延。当用户或其他项目干系人试图为项目增加功能时，在WBS中增加相应工作的同时，也就能够很容易地让他们理解，相关费用和进度也必须要做相应的改变。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238798236176385"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238798219399169","questionId":"796238797309235201","content":" 描述软件项目的功能需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238798236176385","questionId":"796238797309235201","content":" 定义项目边界，有助于防止需求蔓延","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238798252953601","questionId":"796238797309235201","content":" 对软件的静态结构进行建模","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238798265536513","questionId":"796238797309235201","content":" 刻画软件开发活动之间的依赖关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238754678329345","title":"已知某项工程的作业明细表如下：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"543\" height=\"182\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/abda44a67d5b5a57c4293262fbd22614.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>为了抢工期，根据上表，该工程最快能完成的周数及其所需的项目总费用为（56）","analyze":"本题考查数学在项目管理方面的应用的基础知识。<br>按正常进度，该作业的计划图如下：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"328\" height=\"84\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/5b0e79009f4eda6e59cfed0558704bfb.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>其关键路径为ACD,该工程共需要3+4+5=12周（作业B有2周的松弛时间），总费用=直接费用+间接费用=10+15+12+8+12X 1=57万元。<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"369\" height=\"74\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/a65644928493833f3baf33d6c55218b3.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>为了以最快的速度完成该工程，关键路径上的作业应尽量赶工（需要多支出费用）。 作业A可以在1周完成，作业C和D都可以在2周完成。在这种情况下，作业B可以计划4周完成（没有必要赶工到3周）以节省费用。<br>因此，该工程的最短时间是5周。所需费用计算如下：<br>总的间接费用=5X1=5万元。<br>作业A的直接费用=赶工极限1周的直接费用=18万元。<br>作业C的直接费用=赶工极限2周的直接费用=20万元。<br>作业D的直接费用=赶工极限2周的直接费用=14万元。<br>作业B如要7天完成则需要直接费用15万元，如要3天完成则需要19万元，如要 4天完成，则经验性插值计算需要15+3X (19-15) / (7-3) =18万元。<br>因此，该工程以最短时间5周完成所需的总费用为5+18+20+14+18=75万元。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238755592687617"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238755592687617","questionId":"796238754678329345","content":" 5周，75万元","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238755609464833","questionId":"796238754678329345","content":" 5周，76万元","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238755622047745","questionId":"796238754678329345","content":" 8周，78万元","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238755638824961","questionId":"796238754678329345","content":" 8周，79万元","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238763553476609","title":"某工程的进度计划网络图如下，其中包含了①～⑩10个结点，结点之间的箭线表示作业及其进度方向，箭线旁标注了作业所需的时间（单位：周）。设起始结点①的时间为0，则结点⑤的最早时间和最迟时间分别为（）周。<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"511\" height=\"170\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/ea8cc300e4d33729ada415ffb0209b92.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\">","analyze":"本题考查应用数学基础知识。<br>为计算结点的最早时间，需要假设所有作业都尽量赶早，并从结点①开始逐步计算出最早到达每个结点的时间(有多条路径到达某结点时，应记录其中最大的时间)如下：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"537\" height=\"56\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/7dd88ee509e9c1ea15e773423ddba541.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>从①到⑩的最长路径为：①③④⑥⑦⑨⑩，所需时间为5+5+5+6+2+5=28(周(。为计算各作业的最迟时间，需要假设所有作业都尽量推迟，并从终点⑩开始倒推计算，逐步算出每个结<br>点的最迟时间(有多条路径倒推时，应记录其中最小的时间)如下:<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"538\" height=\"53\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/0fec7d807a91e149c0c88b8e1cee8d01.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>因此，结点⑤的最早时间是15，最迟时间是16。<br>作为验证，最早时间等于最迟时间的结点组成了关键路径：①③④⑥⑦⑨⑩。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796238764513972225"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238764472029185","questionId":"796238763553476609","content":" 9,19","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238764484612097","questionId":"796238763553476609","content":" 9,18","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238764497195009","questionId":"796238763553476609","content":" 15,17","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238764513972225","questionId":"796238763553476609","content":" 15,16","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238794339667969","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>（27）把软件项目整体或者主要的可交付成果分解为易于管理、方便控制的若干个子项目；再将子项目继续分解为工作包。在每个分解单元中，都存在可交付成果和里程碑。该模型的主要用途是（28）。","analyze":"本题考查项目范围管理的基本知识。<br>范围管理就是要确定项目的边界，也就是说，要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包括在项目中。这个过程用于确保项目干系人对作为项目结果的产品(或服务(，以及开发这些产品所确定的过程有一个共同的理解。<br>WBS(工作分解结构(把项目整体或者主要的可交付成果分解成容易管理、方便控制的若干个子项目，子项目需要继续分解为工作包。持续这个过程，直到整个项目都分解为可管理的工作包，这些工作包的总和就是项目的所有工作范围。<br>创建WBS的目的是详细规定项目的范围，建立范围基准。具体来说，其主要目的和用途如下：<br>①明确和准确说明项目范围，项目组成员能够清楚地理解任务的性质和需要努力的方向。<br>②为各独立单元分派人员，规定这呰人员的相应职责，可以确定完成项目所需要的技术和人力资源。<br>③针对各独立单元，进行时间、费用和资源需求量的估算，提高估算的准确性。<br>④为计划、预算、进度安排和费用控制奠定共同基础，确定项目进度测量和控制的基准。<br>⑤将项目工作与项目的财务账目联系起来。<br>⑥清楚地定义项目的边界，便于划分和分派责任，自上而下将项目目标落实到具体的工作上，并将这些工作交给项目内外的个人或组织去完成。<br>⑦确定工作内容和工作顺序。可以使用图形化的方式来杳看工作内容，任何人都能够清楚地辨别项目的阶段、工作单元，并根据实际进展情况进行调节和控制。<br>⑧估计项目整体和全过程的费用。<br>⑨有助于防止需求蔓延。当用户或其他项目干系人试图为项目增加功能时，在WBS中增加相应工作的同时，也就能够很容易地让他们理解，相关费用和进度也必须要做相应的改变。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238795316940801"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238795258220545","questionId":"796238794339667969","content":" 分层数据流图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238795287580673","questionId":"796238794339667969","content":" 软件模块图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238795316940801","questionId":"796238794339667969","content":" 工作分解结构WBS","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238795342106625","questionId":"796238794339667969","content":" PERT图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238803185455105","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>（28）是系统分析阶段结束后得到的工作产品，（29）是系统测试阶段完成后的工作产品。","analyze":"本题考查软件配置项的基本概念。<br>随着软件开发工作的开展，会得到许多工作产品或阶段产品，还会用到许多工具软件。所有这些独立的信息项都要得到妥善的管理，决不能出现混乱，以便于在提出某些特定的要求时，将它们进行约定的组合来满足使用的目的。这些信息项目是配針管理的对象，称为软件配置项。<br>软件配置项目可以分为以下几类：<br>（1）环境类，指软件开发环境或软件维护环境，例如编译器、操作系统、编辑器、数据库管理系统、开发工具、项目管理工具、文档编制工具等；<br>（2）定义类，是需求分析与定义阶段结束后得到的工作产品，例如需求规格说明、项目开发计划、设计标准或设计准则、验收测试计划等：<br>（3）设计类，设计阶段结束后得到的工作产品，例如系统设计规格说明、程序规格说明、数据库设计、编码标准、用户界面标准、测试标准、系统测试计划、用户手册等;<br>（4）测试类，系统测试完成后的工作产品，例如系统测试数据、系统测试结果、操作手册、安装手册等：<br>（5）维护类，进入维护阶段以后产生的工作产品。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796238804129173505"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238804091424769","questionId":"796238803185455105","content":" 验收测试计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238804104007681","questionId":"796238803185455105","content":" 测试标准","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238804116590593","questionId":"796238803185455105","content":" 系统测试计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238804129173505","questionId":"796238803185455105","content":" 操作手册","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238774026653697","title":"软件配置管理的活动主要有编制配置管理计划、配置标识、(21)、配置状态报告、配置评价、发行管理和交付。","analyze":"本题考查软件配置管理的基础知识。<br>软件配置管理是贯穿整个软件生存周期的一项技术。它的主要功能是控制软件生存周期中软件的改变，减少各种改变所造成的影响，确保软件产品的质量。正确应用软件配置管理是开发高质量软件所不可缺少的。软件配置管理的过程是软件开发过程中质量管理的精髄。软件配置由一组相互关联的对象组成，这些对象称为软件配置项，软件配置项包括文档、程序、数据和软件开发环境。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238774957789185"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238774957789185","questionId":"796238774026653697","content":" 配置控制","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238774995537921","questionId":"796238774026653697","content":" 配置实现","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238775033286657","questionId":"796238774026653697","content":" 配置测","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238775058452481","questionId":"796238774026653697","content":" 配置踉踪","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238739801133057","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>PERT图是进度安排的常用图形描述方法之一，它能够（24）。在PERT图上通过（25）分析可以计算完成整个项目的最短工期。","analyze":"本题主要考查PERT图的基础知识。<br>PERT图是进行项目管理工作中进度安排的常用图形工具和描述方法之一，它能够反映各个任务之间的依赖关系。在PERT图上通过关键路径分折可以计算完成整个项目的最短工期。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238740765822977"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238740719685633","questionId":"796238739801133057","content":" 松弛时间","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238740740657153","questionId":"796238739801133057","content":" 依赖关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238740765822977","questionId":"796238739801133057","content":" 关键路径","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238740786794497","questionId":"796238739801133057","content":" 并行关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238748642725889","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>个空。</strong></p>关键路径法是多种项目进度分析方法的基础。(20)将关键路径法分析的结果应用到项目日程表中：(21)是关键路径法的延伸，为项目实施过程中引入活动持续期的变化：(22)允许相互依赖的活动可以部分并行进行。","analyze":"优先日程图法允许相互依赖的活动可以部分并行进行；进度计划启发式方法主要用于较为复杂的项目计划的分析中。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238749636775937"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238749565472769","questionId":"796238748642725889","content":" PERT网络分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238749603221505","questionId":"796238748642725889","content":" 甘特图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238749636775937","questionId":"796238748642725889","content":" 优先日程图法","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238749674524673","questionId":"796238748642725889","content":" 启发式分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238757601759233","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>某工程包括A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H八个作业，各个作业的紧前作业、所需时间和所需人数如下表所示（假设每个人均能承担各个作业)：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"96\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/f175c2cdca2a47e81bb46d2a52a0aba4.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>该工程的工期应为（53）周。按此工期，整个工程至少需要（54）人。","analyze":"根据该工程八个作业的紧前作业以及所需时间，可画出如下网络计划箭线图:<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"156\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/193c938bf43dc799c9e145ab1c9a1734.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>其中，各条箭线分别表示各个作业，箭线上分别标记了作业名称和所需的时间。各作业之间由节点衔接。各节点从1到7编号，节点1为起点，节点7为终点。注意，每个箭线图只能有一个起点、一个终点。<br>从上图看出，从起点到终点的路径有多条，作业时间之和最长的路径为ACEGH， 即1-2-4-5-6-7。这就是该工程的关键路径。关键路径上各个作业时间之和就是整个工程所需的工期。因此，该工程所需工期为2+1+2+2+1=8周。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238758524506113"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238758524506113","questionId":"796238757601759233","content":" 8","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238758553866241","questionId":"796238757601759233","content":" 9","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238758583226369","questionId":"796238757601759233","content":" 10","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238758612586497","questionId":"796238757601759233","content":" 11","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238751654236161","title":"在进行需求开发的过程中，（）可能会给项目带来风险。","analyze":"本题考查需求风险管理相关的概念。<br>系统分析师在进行需求开发的过程中，有时也会“陷自身于困境”，无意之中给项目带来风险。与需求有关的主要风险及其应对措施如下表所示。<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"643\" height=\"306\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/603b12875e0cc5a7c3442a405cab073b.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br><img alt=\"\" width=\"596\" height=\"514\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/192a1b4803cd81c50398e062362837cc.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\">","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796238752711200769"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238752576983041","questionId":"796238751654236161","content":" 对于每项需求的可行性均进行分析，以确定是否能按计划实现","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238752623120385","questionId":"796238751654236161","content":" 使用模型和原型描述一些模糊的需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238752665063425","questionId":"796238751654236161","content":" 评估每项新需求的优先级，并与已有工作对比，做出相应的决策","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238752711200769","questionId":"796238751654236161","content":" 采用最新的技术、工具或平台实现关键需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238760579715073","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>某工程包括A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H八个作业，各个作业的紧前作业、所需时间和所需人数如下表所示（假设每个人均能承担各个作业)：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"96\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/d7d07277feba65b343703fc1b7cd5714.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>该工程的工期应为（53）周。按此工期，整个工程至少需要（54）人。","analyze":"为考察该工程每周所需的人数，就需要先确定各作业的时间安排。人们常用甘特图直观描述各作业的时间安排。对本题中的工程，可用甘特图表示如下：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"322\" height=\"215\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/e3aa44287fcf771e881ecd24fd40b5f6.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>在不推迟工期的情况下，关键路径上的作业A、C、E、G、H在上述甘特图上的位置就已经确定了。作业A应安排在第1、2周，横坐标为（0,2)；作业C应安排在第3周，横坐标为（2,3)；作业E应安排在第4、5周，横坐标为（3,5)，作业G应安排在第6、7周，横坐标为（5,7)，作业H应安排在第8周，横坐标为（7,8)。非关键作业B和D必须依次在作业G之前安排，即在横坐标（0,5)中安排；作业F必须在作业C之后安排，即在横坐标（3,8)中安排。由于作业A、H都需要8人，整个过程所需的人数不会低于8人。<br>为减少该工程所需的人数，作业B、D、F的灵活安排就要考虑平衡每周所需的人数。上图就是一种较好的安排。每周所需的人数就是该周各作业所需人数的累计。因此，该工程只要9人就可以完成。从招聘角度看，前3周大致需要9人，接着5周大致需要8人。总的来说，该工程至少需要9人。<br>另一种安排作业和人数的办法是采用如下的表格：<br><img alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"224\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/730d9589fef9dddd28e1499d5e751b84.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"><br>其中，作业A、C、E、G、H的安排是确定的，作业B、D、F可以在指定范围内灵活安排，使每周人数累计有所变化，从而可以找出比较平衡人数的方案。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238761531822081"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238761498267649","questionId":"796238760579715073","content":" 8","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238761531822081","questionId":"796238760579715073","content":" 9","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238761561182209","questionId":"796238760579715073","content":" 10","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238761590542337","questionId":"796238760579715073","content":" 11","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238782121660417","title":"项目管理中使用的甘特(Gantt)图（55）。","analyze":"本题考查项目管理方面的基础知识。<br>项目管理中使用的甘特(Gantt)图也是做计划检查进度的一种工具。它描述了项目中各个作业计划占用的时间段。该图的横轴是时间，纵轴是各个作业。对每个作业用横线段来表示从开始到结束的时间段，所以甘特图有时也称为横道图。在项目进展过程中， 如果要查看当前项目的进度情况，只要在图中的当前时刻画一条竖线，完全在该竖线左 边的横道应该已经完成，完全在该竖线右边的横道按计划尚未开始，跨越该竖线两边的 横道应该正在实施中。这就可以与实际情况进行比较，从而发现哪些作业符合计划进度； 哪些作业延迟了，延迟了多少；哪些作业提前了，提前了多少。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796238783279288321"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238783216373761","questionId":"796238782121660417","content":" 使管理者明确一个作业的延迟对另一作业的影响","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238783237345281","questionId":"796238782121660417","content":" 清晰地表明了各个作业之间的衔接关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238783258316801","questionId":"796238782121660417","content":" 清晰地定义了关键路径","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238783279288321","questionId":"796238782121660417","content":" 可以随时将实际进度与计划进度进行比较","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238788312453121","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中（32）是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础：（33）要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；（34）采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","analyze":"项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中项目开发计划是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础；范围管理要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；进度管理采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238789323280385"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238789251977217","questionId":"796238788312453121","content":" 进度管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238789289725953","questionId":"796238788312453121","content":" 风险管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238789323280385","questionId":"796238788312453121","content":" 范围管理","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238789361029121","questionId":"796238788312453121","content":" 配置管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238745681547265","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>关键路径法是多种项目进度分析方法的基础。(20)将关键路径法分析的结果应用到项目日程表中：(21)是关键路径法的延伸，为项目实施过程中引入活动持续期的变化：(22)允许相互依赖的活动可以部分并行进行。","analyze":"PERT网分析是关键路径法的延伸，为项目实施过程中引入活动持续期的变化。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238746591711233"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238746591711233","questionId":"796238745681547265","content":" PERT网络分析","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238746621071361","questionId":"796238745681547265","content":" 甘特图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238746650431489","questionId":"796238745681547265","content":" 优先日程图法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238746679791617","questionId":"796238745681547265","content":" 启发式分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238785359663105","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中（32）是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础：（33）要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；（34）采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","analyze":"项目管理是保证项目成功的核心手段，在项目实施过程中具有重大作用。其中项目开发计划是项目管理的重要元素，是项目实施的基础；范围管理要确定哪些工作是项目应该做的，哪些工作不应该包含在项目中；进度管理采用科学的方法，确定项目目标，在与质量、成本目标相协调的基础上实现工期目标。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238786307575809"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238786294992897","questionId":"796238785359663105","content":" 分析文档","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238786307575809","questionId":"796238785359663105","content":" 项目开发计划","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238786324353025","questionId":"796238785359663105","content":" 设计文档","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238786341130241","questionId":"796238785359663105","content":" 源代码","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238742762311681","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>关键路径法是多种项目进度分析方法的基础。(20)将关键路径法分析的结果应用到项目日程表中：(21)是关键路径法的延伸，为项目实施过程中引入活动持续期的变化：(22)允许相互依赖的活动可以部分并行进行。","analyze":"项目进度分析是为完成具体任务目标，在服从优先关系、时间约束和资源限制的条件下，按照时间顺序组织相关活动的过程。在多种项目进度分析方法中，关键路径法是一种基本的项目进度分析方法：甘特图将关键路径法分析的结果应用到项目日程表中。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238743672475649"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238743664087041","questionId":"796238742762311681","content":" PERT网络分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238743672475649","questionId":"796238742762311681","content":" 甘特图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238743685058561","questionId":"796238742762311681","content":" 优先日程图法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238743701835777","questionId":"796238742762311681","content":" 启发式分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796233961801011201","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>某项目有8个作业A~H，每个作业的紧前作业、所需天数和所需人数见下表。由于整个项目团队总共只有10人，各个作业都必须连续进行，中途不能停止，因此需要适当安排施工方案，使该项目能尽快在（53）内完工。在该方案中，作业A应安排在（54）内进行。<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/1b9d01ad3c6337c2ac9d00e6d2c46ba9.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"96\" title=\"\" align=\"\">","analyze":"本题是项目管理知识中进度管理与人员管理的综合考查。<br> 首先根据题目给出的表格，可以得到进度网络图如下：<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/3a20f16d2711f821587e058c5a1ef0f8.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" width=\"500\" height=\"260\" title=\"\" align=\"\" alt=\"\"><br> 此时关键路径为C-F-G-H，项目工期至少需要11天。<br> 再根据题干要求分析，项目团队一共只有10人，此时项目受到人员限制，需要调整。<br> 分析发现，A、C、E、F这4个活动因为人员不足所以不可以同时并行只能顺序执行。根据逻辑关系可知C活动必须在F活动之前、B活动必须在E活动之前、D活动和F活动必须在G活动之前、E活动和G活动必须在H活动之前，A活动没有限制可以放在最后考虑。因为逻辑关系限定，可以先考虑C活动和F活动，再考虑E活动，然后将其他活动并行安排在这4个活动的时间内，得到如下的安排表：<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/513d1499cf9068faefcc9bc11d3f593f.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" width=\"600\" height=\"128\" title=\"\" align=\"\" alt=\"\"><br> 综上可知，项目最快能在12天完工，此时A活动安排在第8~12天。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796233962857975809"],"itemList":[{"id":"796233962799255553","questionId":"796233961801011201","content":" 10天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796233962828615681","questionId":"796233961801011201","content":" 11天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796233962857975809","questionId":"796233961801011201","content":" 12天","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796233962895724545","questionId":"796233961801011201","content":" 13天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796233965009653761","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>某项目有8个作业A~H，每个作业的紧前作业、所需天数和所需人数见下表。由于整个项目团队总共只有10人，各个作业都必须连续进行，中途不能停止，因此需要适当安排施工方案，使该项目能尽快在（53）内完工。在该方案中，作业A应安排在（54）内进行。<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/3f4a62dcbdf162fa3cdb93e29a2dbe82.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"96\" title=\"\" align=\"\">","analyze":"本题是项目管理知识中进度管理与人员管理的综合考查。<br> 首先根据题目给出的表格，可以得到进度网络图如下：<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/7b25240f6c15af60c8af03b094c83c6b.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" width=\"450\" height=\"234\" title=\"\" align=\"\" alt=\"\"><br> 此时关键路径为C-F-G-H，项目工期至少需要11天。<br> 再根据题干要求分析，项目团队一共只有10人，此时项目受到人员限制，需要调整。<br> 分析发现，A、C、E、F这4个活动因为人员不足所以不可以同时并行只能顺序执行。根据逻辑关系可知C活动必须在F活动之前、B活动必须在E活动之前、D活动和F活动必须在G活动之前、E活动和G活动必须在H活动之前，A活动没有限制可以放在最后考虑。因为逻辑关系限定，可以先考虑C活动和F活动，再考虑E活动，然后将其他活动并行安排在这4个活动的时间内，得到如下的安排表：<br> <img src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/92686a76ba295d86dce71542c6b3d69c.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" width=\"650\" height=\"138\" title=\"\" align=\"\" alt=\"\"><br> 综上可知，项目最快能在12天完工，此时A活动安排在第8~12天。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796233966167281665"],"itemList":[{"id":"796233966070812673","questionId":"796233965009653761","content":" 第1~5天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796233966104367105","questionId":"796233965009653761","content":" 第3~7天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796233966133727233","questionId":"796233965009653761","content":" 第5~9天","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796233966167281665","questionId":"796233965009653761","content":" 第8~12天","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796235064152182785","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>项目可行性是指企业建设该项目的必要性、成功的可能性以及投入产出比与企业发展需要的符合程度。其中，（22）可行性分析主要评估项目的建设成本、运行成本和项目建成后可能的经济收益; （23）可行性包括企业的行政管理和工作制度、使用人员的素质和培训要求等，可以细分为管理可行性和运行可行性。","analyze":"本题考查项目可行性方面的基础知识。<br>项目可行性是指企业建设该项目的必要性、成功的可能性以及投入产出比与企业发展需要的符合程度，项目一般主要关注经济可行性、操作可行性（也叫用户使用可行性)、技术可行性和时间可行性四个方面。其中，经济可行性分析主要评估项目的建设成本、运行成本和项目建成后可能的经济收益；用户使用可行性包括企业的行政管理和工作制度、使用人员的素质和培训要求等，可以细分为管理可行性和运行可行性。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796235065104289793"],"itemList":[{"id":"796235065070735361","questionId":"796235064152182785","content":" 技术","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796235065104289793","questionId":"796235064152182785","content":" 经济","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796235065133649921","questionId":"796235064152182785","content":" 环境","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796235065158815745","questionId":"796235064152182785","content":" 用户使用","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796235067109167105","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>项目可行性是指企业建设该项目的必要性、成功的可能性以及投入产出比与企业发展需要的符合程度。其中，（22）可行性分析主要评估项目的建设成本、运行成本和项目建成后可能的经济收益; （23）可行性包括企业的行政管理和工作制度、使用人员的素质和培训要求等，可以细分为管理可行性和运行可行性。","analyze":"本题考查项目可行性方面的基础知识。<br>项目可行性是指企业建设该项目的必要性、成功的可能性以及投入产出比与企业发展需要的符合程度，项目一般主要关注经济可行性、操作可行性（也叫用户使用可行性)、技术可行性和时间可行性四个方面。其中，经济可行性分析主要评估项目的建设成本、运行成本和项目建成后可能的经济收益；用户使用可行性包括企业的行政管理和工作制度、使用人员的素质和培训要求等，可以细分为管理可行性和运行可行性。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796235068132577281"],"itemList":[{"id":"796235068044496897","questionId":"796235067109167105","content":" 技术","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796235068073857025","questionId":"796235067109167105","content":" 经济","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796235068103217153","questionId":"796235067109167105","content":" 环境","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796235068132577281","questionId":"796235067109167105","content":" 用户使用","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238825377517569","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>软件质量强调三个方面的内容：(32)是测试软件质量的基础:(33)定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则；(34)间接定义了用户对某些特性的需求。","analyze":"构建高质量的软件是进行项目开发的重要目标，软件质量强调三个方面的内容：软件需求是测试软件质量的基础；开发标准定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则：隐式需求间接定义了用户对某些特性的期望。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["796238826262515713"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238826262515713","questionId":"796238825377517569","content":" 软件需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238826275098625","questionId":"796238825377517569","content":" 软件分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238826287681537","questionId":"796238825377517569","content":" 软件设计","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238826304458753","questionId":"796238825377517569","content":" 软件实现","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238822407950337","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>软件质量保证是软件项目控制的重要手段，(19)是软件质量保证的主要活动之一，其主要方法是（20）","analyze":"对于软件开发项目而言，控制是十分重要的管理活动。软件质量保证 (Software Quality Insurance, SQA)是在软件过程中的每一步都进行的“保护性活动”。 SQA主要由基于非执行的测试（也称为评审)、基于执行的测试（即通常所说的测试） 和程序正确性证明。软件评审是最为重要的SQA活动之一。它的作用是，在发现及改正错误的成本相对较小时就及时发现并排除错误。审查和走查是进行正式技术评审的两类具体方法。审查过程不仅步数比走审多，而且每个步骤都是正规的。由于在开发大型软件过程中所犯的错误绝大数是规格说明错误或设计镇误，而正式的技术评审发现这两类错误的有效性高达75%，因此是非常有效的软件质量保证方法。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238823381028865"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238823330697217","questionId":"796238822407950337","content":" 测试与验证","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238823355863041","questionId":"796238822407950337","content":" 分析与评价","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238823381028865","questionId":"796238822407950337","content":" 审查与复审","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238823410388993","questionId":"796238822407950337","content":" 追踪与审计","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238831232765953","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>个空。</strong></p>软件质量强调三个方面的内容：(32)是测试软件质量的基础:(33)定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则；(34)间接定义了用户对某些特性的需求。","analyze":"构建高质量的软件是进行项目开发的重要目标，软件质量强调三个方面的内容：软件需求是测试软件质量的基础；开发标准定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则：隐式需求间接定义了用户对某些特性的期望。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238832247787521"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238832201650177","questionId":"796238831232765953","content":" 功能需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238832222621697","questionId":"796238831232765953","content":" 非功能需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238832247787521","questionId":"796238831232765953","content":" 期望需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238832272953345","questionId":"796238831232765953","content":" 质量属性需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238819526463489","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>软件质量保证是软件项目控制的重要手段，(19)是软件质量保证的主要活动之一，其主要方法是（20）","analyze":"本题考查软件质量保证的基础知识。<br>对于软件开发项目而言，控制是十分重要的管理活动。软件质量保证 (Software Quality Insurance, SQA)是在软件过程中的每一步都进行的“保护性活动”。 SQA主要由基于非执行的测试（也称为评审)、基于执行的测试（即通常所说的测试）和程序正确性证明。软件评审是最为重要的SQA活动之一。它的作用是，在发现及改正错误的成本相对较小时就及时发现并排除错误。审查和走查是进行正式技术评审的两类具体方法。审查过程不仅步数比走审多，而且每个步骤都是正规的。由于在开发大型软件过程中所犯的错误绝大数是规格说明错误或设计镇误，而正式的技术评审发现这两类错误的有效性高达75%，因此是非常有效的软件质量保证方法。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238820453404673"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238820440821761","questionId":"796238819526463489","content":" 风险评估","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238820453404673","questionId":"796238819526463489","content":" 软件评审","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238820465987585","questionId":"796238819526463489","content":" 需求分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238820478570497","questionId":"796238819526463489","content":" 架构设计","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238816598839297","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>某服务器软件系统对可用性（Availability)和性能（Performance)要求较高，以下(26)设计策略能提高该系统的可用性，（27）设计策略能够提高该系统的性能。","analyze":"软件质量属性描述了软件的非功能性属性。可用性质量属性描述了可用性是系统能够正常运行的时间比例，实现可用性策略的主要方法有错误检测、错误恢复和错误防御。主动冗余就是一种错误恢复的策略。性能是指系统的响应能力，即要经过多长时间才能对某个事件做出响应，或者在某段时间内系统所能处理事件的个数。队列调度是一种提升系统性能的常用方法。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796238817563529217"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238817517391873","questionId":"796238816598839297","content":" 限制访问","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238817534169089","questionId":"796238816598839297","content":" 内置监控器","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238817550946305","questionId":"796238816598839297","content":" 主动冗余","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238817563529217","questionId":"796238816598839297","content":" 队列调度","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238813646049281","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>个空。</strong></p>某服务器软件系统对可用性（Availability)和性能（Performance)要求较高，以下(26)设计策略能提高该系统的可用性，（27）设计策略能够提高该系统的性能。","analyze":"软件质量属性描述了软件的非功能性属性。可用性质量属性描述了可用性是系统能够正常运行的时间比例，实现可用性策略的主要方法有错误检测、错误恢复和错误防御。主动冗余就是一种错误恢复的策略。性能是指系统的响应能力，即要经过多长时间才能对某个事件做出响应，或者在某段时间内系统所能处理事件的个数。队列调度是一种提升系统性能的常用方法。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["796238814631710721"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238814568796161","questionId":"796238813646049281","content":" 限制访问","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238814598156289","questionId":"796238813646049281","content":" 内置监控器","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238814631710721","questionId":"796238813646049281","content":" 主动冗余","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238814661070849","questionId":"796238813646049281","content":" 队列调度","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796238828309336065","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>个空。</strong></p>软件质量强调三个方面的内容：(32)是测试软件质量的基础:(33)定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则；(34)间接定义了用户对某些特性的需求。","analyze":"构建高质量的软件是进行项目开发的重要目标，软件质量强调三个方面的内容：软件需求是测试软件质量的基础；开发标准定义了一组用于指导软件开发方式的准则：隐式需求间接定义了用户对某些特性的期望。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796238829248860161"],"itemList":[{"id":"796238829232082945","questionId":"796238828309336065","content":" 开发文档","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796238829248860161","questionId":"796238828309336065","content":" 开发标准","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796238829261443073","questionId":"796238828309336065","content":" 维护手册","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796238829274025985","questionId":"796238828309336065","content":" 用户手册","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796233799837962241","title":"对于安全关键系统，需要额外的安全保证、软件验证以及系统分析过程。（ ）是检查系统是否安全运行的一组活动，包含在软件开发过程的所有阶段中，记录了所进行的分析以及负责分析的相关人员。","analyze":"对于安全关键系统，需要额外的安全保证、软件验证以及系统分析过程。其中，安全保证是一组活动，主要包括确定和确认安全需求、安全规范和安全性能等，以确保系统在运行中满足安全要求。它是安全工程的重要组成部分，贯穿于软件开发过程的各个阶段，记录了所进行的分析以及参与分析的相关人员。\n<br>\n软件测试是指通过运行程序检验软件是否符合需求和规格说明书的预期目标，验证软件功能的正确性和稳定性，确保软件的质量。软件验证则是一种确认过程，用于验证软件产品是否符合客户的要求和规格说明书，软件开发过程中所遵循的标准和规范，以及对安全性的需求等。而系统分析则是指对系统进行全面的分析、研究和评估，以获得对系统完整性和各项功能的深入理解，并为后续的系统设计和实现提供支持。\n<br>\n因此，选项 B. 安全保证最符合题意。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["796233800903315457"],"itemList":[{"id":"796233800890732545","questionId":"796233799837962241","content":" 软件测试","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796233800903315457","questionId":"796233799837962241","content":" 安全保证","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796233800915898369","questionId":"796233799837962241","content":" 软件验证","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796233800924286977","questionId":"796233799837962241","content":" 系统分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"796234642066788353","title":"软件能力成熟度模型提供了一个软件能力成熟度的框架，它将软件过程改进的步骤组织成5个成熟度等级。其中，软件过程已建立了基本的项目管理过程，可用于对成本、进度和功能特性进行跟踪，说明软件已达到（ ）成熟度等级。","analyze":"本题考查软件成熟度模型方面的基础知识。<br> 软件成熟度模型（Capability Maturity Model for Software, CMM),英文缩写为SW-CMM,简称CMM。它是对于软件组织在定义、实施、度量、控制和改善其软件过程的实践中各个发展阶段的描述。CMM的核心是把软件开发视为一个过程，并根据这一原则对软件开发和维护进行过程监控和研究，以使其更加科学化、标准化、使企业能够更好地实现商业目标。<br> CMM是一种用于评价软件成熟能力并帮助其改善软件质量的方法，侧重于软件开发过程的管理及工程能力的提高与评估。CMM分为五个等级：一级为初始级，二级为可重复级，三级为已定义级，四级为已管理级，五级为优化级。<br> CMM/CMMI将软件过程的成熟度分为5个等级，以下是5个等级的基本特征：<br> ①初始级（imtial)。工作无序，项目进行过程中常放弃当初的计划。管理无章法，缺乏健全的管理制度。开发项目成效不稳定，项目成功主要依靠项目负责人的经验和能力，他一旦离去，工作秩序面目全非。<br> ②可重复级（Repeatable)。管理制度化，建立了基本的管理制度和规程，管理工作有章可循。初步实现标准化，开发工作比较好地按标准实施。变更依法进行，做到基线化，稳定可跟踪，新项目的计划和管理基于过去的实践经验，具有重复以前成功项目的环境和条件。<br> ③已定义级（Defined)。开发过程，包括技术工作和管理工作，均已实现标准化、文档化。建立了完善的培训制度和专家评审制度，全部技术活动和管理活动均可控制，对项目进行中的过程、岗位和职责均有共同的理解。<br> ④已管理级（Managed)。产品和过程已建立了定量的质量目标。开发活动中的生产率和质量是可量度的。已建立过程数据库。<span>已</span>实现项目产品和过程的控制。可预测过程和产品质量趋势，如预测偏差，实现及时纠正。<br> ⑤优化级（Optimizing)。可集中精力改进过程，采用新技术、新方法。拥有防止出现缺陷、识别薄弱环节以及加以改进的手段。可取得过程有效性的统计数据，并可据进行分析，从而得出最佳方法。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["796234643123752961"],"itemList":[{"id":"796234643014701057","questionId":"796234642066788353","content":" 已定义级","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"796234643052449793","questionId":"796234642066788353","content":" 优化级","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"796234643090198529","questionId":"796234642066788353","content":" 已管理级","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"796234643123752961","questionId":"796234642066788353","content":" 可重复级","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932415779852289","title":"<p>信息系统的文档是开发人员与用户交流的工具。在系统规划和系统分析阶段，用户与系统分析人员交流所使用的文档不包括（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>用户使用手册是概要设计阶段产生的文档，除此以外，概要设计阶段产生的文档还有概要设计说明书、数据库设计说明书、修订测试计划。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932417696649217"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932417629540353","questionId":"794932415779852289","content":"可行性研究报告","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932417654706177","questionId":"794932415779852289","content":"总体规划报告","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932417675677697","questionId":"794932415779852289","content":"项目开发计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932417696649217","questionId":"794932415779852289","content":"用户使用手册","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932381436891137","title":"<p>需求获取是确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程，需求获取是否科学、准备充分，对获取出来的结果影响很大。在多种需求获取方式中，（ ）方法具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围，但存在获取需求时信息量大、记录较为困难、需要足够的领域知识等问题。</p>","analyze":"<p>用户访谈方法具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围，但存在获取需求时信息量大、记录较为困难、需要足够的领域知识等问题。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932383303356417"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932383303356417","questionId":"794932381436891137","content":"用户访谈","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932383320133633","questionId":"794932381436891137","content":"问卷调查","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932383341105153","questionId":"794932381436891137","content":"联合需求计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932383362076673","questionId":"794932381436891137","content":"采样","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932081107947521","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD）是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">某公司的系统分析师进行系统分析后，得到了系统“员工领原材料”的业务流程描述：员工填写领料单，库长批准领料单，库工查存库账，如果发现缺货则通知采购人员，采购人员通知供货单位补充货物，最终向员工提供原材料。使用TFD描述这一流程时，“员工”应该表示为</span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>26）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD)是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，它反映现有系统各部门的业务处理过程及其之间的分工与联系，以及连接各部门信息流的传递和流动关系，体现现有系统的边界、环境、输入/输出和数据存储等内容。在题干中的例子中，供货</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">商</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">应该是系统之外的一个实体，会根据采购人员的通知进行货物补充，其行为不再系统之内，因此应该表示为外部实体；员工是处理整个业务流程的核心单元，应该表示为业务处理单位。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">（26）B</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932082982801409"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932082961829889","questionId":"794932081107947521","content":"外部实体","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932082982801409","questionId":"794932081107947521","content":"业务处理单位","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932083003772929","questionId":"794932081107947521","content":"参与者","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932083024744449","questionId":"794932081107947521","content":"数据处理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932098287816705","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 0pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called __(71)__. Requirements written from the developer's perspective and describe how the system will be implemented are called __(72)__. Requirements evolve from detailed statemens of business capabilities that a system should have to detailed statements of the technical way in whick the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. Requirements can be either functional or nofunctional in nature. For example, during the analysis phase of travel vehicles sales system, the system that must have the ability to search for available inventory is __(73)__. The requirement that the system should be able to work on any Web browser belongs to __(74)__. That customer personal information is protected in compliance with the Data Protection Act is a requirement of __(75)__.</span><br/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 0pt;\">（72）应选？</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求仅仅是系统必须做什么或者需要具备哪些特性的陈述。从用户的角度编写的需求和关注用户需求的需求称为（</span>71<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。从开发人员的角度编写的需求描述系统将如何实现被称为（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。要求从具体的业务能力状态演化而来，系统应该具备详细的技术方式陈述，以便在新系统中实现能力。要求可以是功能性的，也可以是非功能性的。例如，在旅行车销售系统的分析阶段，必须具备搜索可用库存能力的系统是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。系统应能够在任何</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">Web</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">浏览器上工作的要求属于（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。客户的个人信息受到“数据保护法”的保护是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）的要求。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(72) A.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">操作需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">技术需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> D.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">系统需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">D</span></span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932100292694017"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932100187836417","questionId":"794932098287816705","content":"operationalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932100225585153","questionId":"794932098287816705","content":"businessrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932100259139585","questionId":"794932098287816705","content":"technicalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932100292694017","questionId":"794932098287816705","content":"systemrequirements","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932106944860161","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called __(71)__. Requirements written from the developer's perspective and describe how the system will be implemented are called __(72)__. Requirements evolve from detailed statemens of business capabilities that a system should have to detailed statements of the technical way in whick the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. Requirements can be either functional or nofunctional in nature. For example, during the analysis phase of travel vehicles sales system, the system that must have the ability to search for available inventory is __(73)__. The requirement that the system should be able to work on any Web browser belongs to __(74)__. That customer personal information is protected in compliance with the Data Protection Act is a requirement of __(75)__.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（75）应选？</span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求仅仅是系统必须做什么或者需要具备哪些特性的陈述。从用户的角度编写的需求和关注用户需求的需求称为（</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。从开发人员的角度编写的需求描述系统将如何实现被称为（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。要求从具体的业务能力状态演化而来，系统应该具备详细的技术方式陈述，以便在新系统中实现能力。要求可以是功能性的，也可以是非功能性的。例如，在旅行车销售系统的分析阶段，必须具备搜索可用库存能力的系统是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。系统应能够在任何</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">Web</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">浏览器上工作的要求属于（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。客户的个人信息受到“数据保护法”的保护是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）的要求。</span><br/></p><p><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(75) A.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">信息需求</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">B.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">系统性能</span></span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">安全和控制</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">文化和政治</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">D</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932108949737473"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932108857462785","questionId":"794932106944860161","content":".informationrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932108886822913","questionId":"794932106944860161","content":"systemperformance","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932108916183041","questionId":"794932106944860161","content":"secrityandcontrol","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932108949737473","questionId":"794932106944860161","content":"culturalandpolitical","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932132832104449","title":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">软件需求分析产生软件操作特征的规格说明，指明软件和其它系统元素的接口，建立软件必须满足的约束。下面对于软件需求分析的描述，不正确的是</span></span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;\">（</span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;\">）</span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span> </span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;\">需求分析是一种软件工程活动，它在系统级软件分配和软件设计间起到桥梁的作用，需求分析使得系统工程师能够刻画出软件的功能和性能，指明软件和其他系统元素的接口，并建立软件必须满足的约束。需求分析允许系统分析师细化软件的分解，并建立将被软件处理的数据、功能和行为模型。需求分析为软件设计师提供了可被翻译成数据、架构、界面和过程设计的模型，最后，需求规约为开发者和客户提供了软件开发完成后质量评估的依据。需求分析的任务是发现、求精、建模和规约的过程，包括详细地细化由系统工程师建立并在软件项目计划中明确的软件范围，创建所需数据、信息和控制流及操作行为的模型，此外，还要分析可选择的解决方案，并将它们分配到各软件元素中去。</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需要注意的是，在需求分析阶段要得到详细的规约是不可能的。客户可能并不能精确地肯定需要什么，开发者可能不能肯定可用什么特定的方法来适当地完成功能和性能。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"p\"><strong><span class=\"15\" style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">答案：</span></strong><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\">C </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932134719541249"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932134690181121","questionId":"794932132832104449","content":"分析员研究系统规约和软件项目计划，并在系统语境内理解软件和复审，从而生成计划软件范围的估算","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932134706958337","questionId":"794932132832104449","content":"需求分析使得系统工程师能够刻划出软件的功能和性能、指明软件和其他系统元素的接口、并建立软件必须满足的约束","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932134719541249","questionId":"794932132832104449","content":"经过仔细的需求分析活动，分析员能够得到详细的系统规约","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932134736318465","questionId":"794932132832104449","content":"需求分析能够为软件设计者提供可被翻译成数据、体系结构、界面和过程设计的模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932115669012481","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.5pt;\">During this phase, the analyst must become fully aware of the __请作答该选项__ and must develop enough knowledge about the ____ and the existing systems to enable an effective solution to be proposed and implementeD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><br/></p>","analyze":"<p>略</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932117711638529"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932117636141057","questionId":"794932115669012481","content":"mainsymptom","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932117711638529","questionId":"794932115669012481","content":"rootproblem","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932117770358785","questionId":"794932115669012481","content":"finalblueprint","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932117808107521","questionId":"794932115669012481","content":"dataspecification","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932253275738113","title":"现有两个用例UC1和UC2，其中UC2是一个完整的用例，可被实例化，而UC1需要UC2中的事件流才可被实例化，且UC1指定了使用UC2的精确位置，则UC1和UC2间的关系是"（39）"。","analyze":"根据题干表述U1需要U2才能完整执行，两者属于包含关系。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932255163174913"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932255163174913","questionId":"794932253275738113","content":"include","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932255179952129","questionId":"794932253275738113","content":"extend","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932255196729345","questionId":"794932253275738113","content":"generalize","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932255213506561","questionId":"794932253275738113","content":"call","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932244803244033","title":"关于 UML 中的状态图和活动图的叙述中，（36）是错误的。","analyze":"选项D说的太绝对，两种图都有用。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932246720040961"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932246648737793","questionId":"794932244803244033","content":"状态图和活动图都是对系统的动态方面进行建模的图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932246673903617","questionId":"794932244803244033","content":"活动图是状态图的一种特殊情况，其中所有或大多数状态是活动状态","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932246694875137","questionId":"794932244803244033","content":"状态图显示从状态到状态的控制流，活动图显示的是从活动到活动的控制流","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932246720040961","questionId":"794932244803244033","content":"在对一个对象的生存期建模时，只能使用状态图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932185277681665","title":"在uml2.0中，（）描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点，用于画出结构化类的内部内容。（ ）强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。（ ）通常与其他图一起使用，包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。交互概览图是（ ）和（请作答此空）的混合物。","analyze":"<p>（1）组合结构图描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点。组合结构图用于画出结构化类的内部内容。</p><p>（2）定时图也称计时图，定时图也是一种交互图，它强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。</p><p>（3）制品图描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。制品包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。制品图通常与部署图一起使用。制品也给出了它们实现的类和构件。</p><p>（4）交互概览图是活动图和顺序图的混合物。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932187135758337"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932187135758337","questionId":"794932185277681665","content":"活动图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932187148341249","questionId":"794932185277681665","content":"通信图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932187160924161","questionId":"794932185277681665","content":"构件图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932187173507073","questionId":"794932185277681665","content":"协作图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932387141144577","title":"<p>接上题（ ）方法通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题，并从中获取系统需求。</p>","analyze":"<p>联合需求计划方法通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题，并从中获取系统需求。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932389083107329"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932389032775681","questionId":"794932387141144577","content":"用户访谈","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932389057941505","questionId":"794932387141144577","content":"实地考察","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932389083107329","questionId":"794932387141144577","content":"联合需求计划","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932389108273153","questionId":"794932387141144577","content":"采样","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932043610869761","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在进行需求开发的过程中，</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>29）</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">可能会给项目带来风险。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">采用最新的技术、工具或平台实现关键需求</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">,比起成熟的技术和模型、工具及平台，存在着很多不确定性和风险，其他三项相对都采用比较成熟或者是经过对比的方式，得出比较有把握的需求解决方案。</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(29)</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">D</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932045632524289"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932045506695169","questionId":"794932043610869761","content":"对于每项需求的可行性均进行分析，以确定是否能按计划实现","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932045557026817","questionId":"794932043610869761","content":"使用模型和原型描述一些模糊的需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932045598969857","questionId":"794932043610869761","content":"评估每项新需求的优先级，并与已有工作对比，做出相应的决策","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932045632524289","questionId":"794932043610869761","content":"采用最新的技术、工具或平台实现关键需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932168164921345","title":"一个大型软件系统的需求通常是会发生变化的。以下关于需求变更策略的叙述中错误的是（ ）。","analyze":"<p>一个大型软件系统的需求通常是会发生变化的。在进行需求变更时，可以参考以下的需求变更策略：</p><p>(1) 所有需求变更必须遵循变更控制过程；</p><p>(2) 对于未获得批准的变更，不应该做设计和实现工作；</p><p>(3) 变更应该由项目变更控制委员会决定实现哪些变更；</p><p>(4) 项目风险承担者应该能够了解变更数据库的内容；</p><p>(5) 决不能从数据库中删除或者修改变更请求的原始文档；</p><p>(6) 每一个集成的需求变更必须能跟踪到一个经核准的变更请求</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932170043969537"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932170006220801","questionId":"794932168164921345","content":"所有需求变更必须遵循变更控制过程","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932170027192321","questionId":"794932168164921345","content":"对于未获得核准的变更，不应该做变更实现工作","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932170043969537","questionId":"794932168164921345","content":"完成了对某个需求的变更之后，就可以删除或者修改变更请求的原始文档","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932170064941057","questionId":"794932168164921345","content":"每一个集成的需求变更必须能追溯到一个经核准的变更请求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932069464559617","title":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">系统分析阶段，在确定系统的所有功能后，还需要分析各功能之间的关系和流程，使用</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">（</span>22）</span></span><span style=\"line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">来检验是否识别出所有的功能，判定系统分析师是否了解系统功能，也是以后进行系统设计的基础。</span></span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: "yes"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-indent: 20.7pt; margin-left: 0pt;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: "yes"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\"></span></span></p><p>在系统分析阶段，确定系统的所有功能后，还需要分析各功能之间的关系和流程，一般使用“功能流程图”来描述，功能流程图可以检验是否识别出所有的功能，判定系统分析师是否了解系统功能，也是以后进行系统设计的基础。</p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt;\"><span style=\"background: #7F7F7F; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">：B</span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932071486214145"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932071326830593","questionId":"794932069464559617","content":"系统功能体系图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932071486214145","questionId":"794932069464559617","content":"功能流程图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932071561711617","questionId":"794932069464559617","content":"数据流图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932071620431873","questionId":"794932069464559617","content":"实体-联系图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932129745096705","title":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span face=\"宋体\">软件开发过程中，需求分析阶段的输出不包括（</span> <span face=\"宋体\">）。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;\">ABC</span><span face=\"宋体\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;\">均为需求分析阶段确定。</span><br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932131879997441"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932131838054401","questionId":"794932129745096705","content":"数据流图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932131850637313","questionId":"794932129745096705","content":"实体联系图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932131863220225","questionId":"794932129745096705","content":"数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932131879997441","questionId":"794932129745096705","content":"软件体系结构图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932078255820801","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD）是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">某公司的系统分析师进行系统分析后，得到了系统“员工领原材料”的业务流程描述：员工填写领料单，库长批准领料单，库工查存库账，如果发现缺货则通知采购人员，采购人员通知供货单位补充货物，最终向员工提供原材料。使用TFD描述这一流程时，“供货单位”应该表示为（25）</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><br/></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD)是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，它反映现有系统各部门的业务处理过程及其之间的分工与联系，以及连接各部门信息流的传递和流动关系，体现现有系统的边界、环境、输入/输出和数据存储等内容。在题干中的例子中，供货</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">商</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">应该是系统之外的一个实体，会根据采购人员的通知进行货物补充，其行为不再系统之内，因此应该表示为外部实体；员工是处理整个业务流程的核心单元，应该表示为业务处理单位。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">（25）A </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932080130674689"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932080130674689","questionId":"794932078255820801","content":"外部实体","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932080147451905","questionId":"794932078255820801","content":"业务处理单位","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932080172617729","questionId":"794932078255820801","content":"参与者","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932080193589249","questionId":"794932078255820801","content":"数据处理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932147042406401","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">The ____ is a general description of the architecture of a workflow management system used by the WFMC, in which the main components and the associated interfaces are summarized</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><span style=\"font-family:Calibri\">The workflow enactment service is the heart of a workflow system which consists of several ____. In a workflow system, a process is specified using the process definition tool. Usually, processes are defined in terms of a ____, which consists of ____ indicated using a circle, and __请作答该选项__ shown as a rectangle. These two components can be linked by means of a directed arC</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">工作流参考模型是</span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">WFMC</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">用来对工作流管理系统架构的通用描述，在这个模型中，对主要组件和相关接口进行了概括。工作流例行服务是工作流系统的核心，由几个工作流引擎组成。在工作流系统中，过程是使用过程定义该来加以说明的。通常情况下，过程通过</span><span style=\"font-family:Calibri\">Petri</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">网的术语来进行定义，其中包括位置（用圆圈表示）和变迁（用矩形表示），这两个组件通过带箭头的弧相连。</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932148929843201"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932148929843201","questionId":"794932147042406401","content":"transitions","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932148946620417","questionId":"794932147042406401","content":"transformations","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932148959203329","questionId":"794932147042406401","content":"transmitters","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932148971786241","questionId":"794932147042406401","content":"changes","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932297953464321","title":"<p>需求管理的主要活动包括（ ）。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求管理包括变更控制、版本控制、需求跟踪、需求状态跟踪</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932299845095425"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932299845095425","questionId":"794932297953464321","content":"变更控制、版本控制、需求跟踪、需求状态跟踪","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932299861872641","questionId":"794932297953464321","content":"需求获取、变更控制、版本控制、需求跟踪","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932299878649857","questionId":"794932297953464321","content":"需求获取、需求建模、变更控制、版本控制","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932299895427073","questionId":"794932297953464321","content":"需求获取、需求建模、需求评审、需求跟踪","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932224972574721","title":"在结构化分析方法中，数据字典是重要的文档。对加工的描述是数据字典的组成内容之一，常用的加工描述方法有（25）。","analyze":"<p>在结构化分析中，数据流图以图形的形式描述了系统的逻辑模型，而数据字典是以文字的形式描述系统的逻辑模型。数据流图没有对图中各成分进行说明，利用数据字典为数据流图中的每个数据流、数据存储、加工、外部实体及组成数据流或文件的数据项做出说明。</p><p>其中对加工的描述称为“小说明”，或称为“加工逻辑说明”，它描述了输入数据流、输入文件与输出数据流、输出文件之间的逻辑关系。常用的加工逻辑描述方法主要有结构化语言、判定树和判定表。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932226860011521"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932226826457089","questionId":"794932224972574721","content":"结构化语言、数据流图和PAD图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932226847428609","questionId":"794932224972574721","content":"结构化语言、IPO图和HIPO图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932226860011521","questionId":"794932224972574721","content":"结构化语言、判定树和判定表","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932226876788737","questionId":"794932224972574721","content":"数据流图、判定树和判定表","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932207960477697","title":"统一过程(UP)的基本特征是“用例驱动、以架构为中心的和受控的迭代式增量开发”。UP将一个周期的开发过程划分为4个阶段，其中（15）的提交结果包含了系统架构。","analyze":"<p>统一过程(UP)的基本特征是“用例驱动、以架构为中心的和受控的迭代式增量开发”。一个UP可分为若干个周期，每个周期的开发过程被分为4个阶段，每个阶段可进行若干次迭代。</p><p>UP将一个周期的开发过程划分为如下的4个阶段。</p><p>(1)初始阶段(Inception)：该阶段的主要意图是建立项目的范围和版本，确定业务实现的可能性和项目目标的稳定性。提交结果包括原始的项目需求和业务用例。</p><p>(2)精化阶段(Elaboration)：该阶段的主要意图是对问题域进行分析，建立系统的需求和架构，确定技术实现的可行性和系统架构的稳定性。提交结果包括系统架构及其相关文档、领域模型、修改后的业务用例和整个项目的开发计划。</p><p>(3)构建阶段(Construction)：主要意图是增量式地开发一个可以交付用户的软件产品。</p><p>(4)提交阶段(Transition)：主要意图是将软件产品提交用户。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932209826942977"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932209814360065","questionId":"794932207960477697","content":"初始阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932209826942977","questionId":"794932207960477697","content":"精化阶段","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932209843720193","questionId":"794932207960477697","content":"构建阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932209864691713","questionId":"794932207960477697","content":"提交阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932410025267201","title":"<p>（ ）展现了一组对象、接口、协作和它们之间的关系。</p>","analyze":"<p>【试题分析】状态图用来描述一个特定的对象所有可能的状态,以及由于各种事件的发生而引起的状态之间的转移和变化。类图展现了一组对象、接口、协作和它们之间的关系。对象图描述一组对象及它们之间的关系。对象图描述了在类图中所建立的事物实例的静态快照。流程图是以图形化的方式展示应用程序从数据输入开始到获得输出为止的逻辑过程。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932411925286913"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932411908509697","questionId":"794932410025267201","content":"状态图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932411925286913","questionId":"794932410025267201","content":"类图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932411942064129","questionId":"794932410025267201","content":"对象图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932411963035649","questionId":"794932410025267201","content":"流程图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932349912502273","title":"<p>（）可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用于数据库概念设计。</p>","analyze":"<p>实体联系图（ER）图可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用干数据库概念设计。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932351774773249"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932351774773249","questionId":"794932349912502273","content":"实体关系图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932351804133377","questionId":"794932349912502273","content":"数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932351829299201","questionId":"794932349912502273","content":"IPO图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932351862853633","questionId":"794932349912502273","content":"判定表","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932384272240641","title":"<p>接上题（ ）方法基于数理统计原理，不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者是采集观察用户，并可以减少数据收集偏差。</p>","analyze":"<p>采样方法基于数理统计原理，不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者是采集观察用户，并可以减少数据收集偏差。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932386163871745"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932386121928705","questionId":"794932384272240641","content":"情节串联版","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932386134511617","questionId":"794932384272240641","content":"实地考察","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932386151288833","questionId":"794932384272240641","content":"联合需求计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932386163871745","questionId":"794932384272240641","content":"采样","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932144207056897","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">In a workflow system, a process is specified using the process definition tool. Usually, processes are defined in terms of a ____, which consists of __请作答该选项__ indicated using a circle, and ____ shown as a rectangle. These two components can be linked by means of a directed arC</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p>略<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932146107076609"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932146060939265","questionId":"794932144207056897","content":"positions","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932146073522177","questionId":"794932144207056897","content":"resources","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932146090299393","questionId":"794932144207056897","content":"conditions","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932146107076609","questionId":"794932144207056897","content":"places","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932256127864833","title":"在需求分析阶段，对从需求调查中获取的数据，应该认真总结并归纳出信息，并通过多种形式进行展现。以下说法有误的是（40）。","analyze":"<p>在需求分析阶段，对从需求调查中获取的数据，应该认真总结并归纳出信息，通过多种形式进行展现。在对需求数据进行总结时，应注意以下几点。</p><p>①简单、直接。提供的总结信息应该简单、易懂，并且将重点放在信息的整体框架上，而不是具体的需求细节。另外，为了方便用户进行阅读，应尽量使用用户的行业术语，而不是技术术语。</p><p>②说明来源和优先级。对于需求，要按照业务、用户、应用、计算机平台和网络等进行分类，并明确各类需求的具体来源(例如政策、工作人员等)。</p><p>③尽量多用图片或表格。图片的使用可以使读者更容易了解数据模式，在需求数据总结中大量使用图片，尤其是数据表格的图形化展示，是非常有必要的。</p><p>④指出矛盾的需求。在需求中会存在一些矛盾，需求说明中应对这些矛盾进行说明，以使设计人员找到解决方法。如果用户人员给出了矛盾中目标的优先级别，则需要特殊标记，以便在无法避免矛盾的时候，先实现高级别的目标。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932258048856065"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932258032078849","questionId":"794932256127864833","content":"应该说明需求数据的来源和优先级","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932258048856065","questionId":"794932256127864833","content":"应该回避矛盾的需求，以利于后期设计工作的开展","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932258065633281","questionId":"794932256127864833","content":"应尽量多用图片或表格来展现需求数据","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932258082410497","questionId":"794932256127864833","content":"应尽量使用用户的行业术语，而不是技术术语","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932247638593537","title":"下列有关面向对象的叙述不正确的是（37）。","analyze":"选项C应该使用聚合而不是继承，继承关系耦合性太强。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932249509253121"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932249479892993","questionId":"794932247638593537","content":"面向对象设计最根本的意图是适应需求变化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932249496670209","questionId":"794932247638593537","content":"应尽量针对接口编程，而不要针对实现编程","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932249509253121","questionId":"794932247638593537","content":"尽量使用继承而不是聚合，因为继承使得类间的耦合性最小","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932249521836033","questionId":"794932247638593537","content":"尽量使用已有的类库","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932436852035585","title":"<p>系统结构化分析模型包括数据模型、功能模型和行为模型，负责行为建模的是（44） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>系统结构化分析模型包括数据模型、功能模型和行为模型。具体结构如图1所示。</p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/4c4bd01c41795e51fc4799e07ec39a43.png?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"4c4bd01c41795e51fc4799e07ec39a43.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/><p> 图1 系统结构化分析模型结构</p><p>（1）数据字典（DD）：分析模型的核心，用于描述软件使用、产生的所有数据对象。</p><p>（2）实体-联系图（E-R图）：用于描述数据对象、数据对象之间的关系。ER图用于构建数据模型的图形。</p><p>（3）数据流图（DFD图）：描绘当数据在软件系统中移动时被变换的逻辑过程，指明系统具有的变换数据的功能。DFD图是建立功能模型的基础。</p><p>（4）状态转换图(STD图)：描述了系统的状态及不同状态变化的方式。STD图是行为建模的基础。</p><p>参考答案：B</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932438856912897"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932438840135681","questionId":"794932436852035585","content":"实体联系图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932438856912897","questionId":"794932436852035585","content":"状态转换图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932438873690113","questionId":"794932436852035585","content":"数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932438890467329","questionId":"794932436852035585","content":"流程图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932046551076865","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall （</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project. Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（ </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（ </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（ </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances.</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">（71）应选？</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求只是陈述了系统必须做什么或者系统需要有什么特性，需求来自于从系统总体</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">71</span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的广泛陈述到系统所支持业务能力的详细陈述，再到新系统能力实现中所采用方法的详细技术陈述。</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">72</span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">致力于描述如何创建将在项目中产生的软件产品。非功能性需求主要在设计阶段中做出关于用户界面、硬件和软件，以及系统底层架构的决策时使用。系统的物理和技术环境将被看作一种</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">73</span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。系统的速度、能力和可靠性属于</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">74</span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">75</span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">描述了谁在什么情况下具有访问系统的权限。</span></span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(71)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务需求 </span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">操作流程</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">技术规范</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">功能组件</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;background:#7F7F7F;mso-shading:#7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(71)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A</span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932048446902273"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932048446902273","questionId":"794932046551076865","content":"businessneeds","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932048463679489","questionId":"794932046551076865","content":"operationprocesses","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932048480456705","questionId":"794932046551076865","content":"technicalspecification","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932048497233921","questionId":"794932046551076865","content":"functioncomponents","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932300809785345","title":"<p>（ ）包括编制每个需求与系统元素之间的联系文档，这些元素包括其它需求、体系结构、设计部件、源代码模块、测试、帮助文件和文档等。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求跟踪包括编制每个需求与系统元素之间的联系文档，这些元素包括其它需求、体系结构、设计部件、源代码模块、测试、帮助文件和文档等。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932302772719617"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932302705610753","questionId":"794932300809785345","content":"需求描述","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932302726582273","questionId":"794932300809785345","content":"需求分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932302751748097","questionId":"794932300809785345","content":"需求获取","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932302772719617","questionId":"794932300809785345","content":"需求跟踪","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932210766467073","title":"某软件公司欲开发一个在线交易系统。为了能够精确表达用户与系统的复杂交互过程，应该采用UML的__（18）__进行交互过程建模。","analyze":"类图、对象图和部署图都属于结构类模型图，用于描述系统应用的静态结构。而序列图属于行为类模型图，用于描述系统动态行为的各个方面。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932212653903873"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932212632932353","questionId":"794932210766467073","content":"类图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932212653903873","questionId":"794932210766467073","content":"序列图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932212670681089","questionId":"794932210766467073","content":"部署图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932212687458305","questionId":"794932210766467073","content":"对象图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932412864811009","title":"<p>绘制分层数据流图 (DFD)时需要注意的问题中，不包括（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>【试题分析】数据流图表现的是数据流而不是控制流。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932414823550977"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932414810968065","questionId":"794932412864811009","content":"给图中的每个数据流、加工、数据存储和外部实体命名","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932414823550977","questionId":"794932412864811009","content":"图中要表示出控制流","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932414840328193","questionId":"794932412864811009","content":"一个加工不适合有过多的数据流","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932414857105409","questionId":"794932412864811009","content":"分解尽可能均匀","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932060945928193","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在订单管理模块中，新建订单和修改订单都需要检查用户是否登录，用例</span>“新建订单”、“修改订单”与用例“检查用户登录”之间是（1）。</span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">用例之间的关系主要有包含、扩展和泛化。当从两个或两个以上的用例中提取公共行为时，应该使用包含关系来表示它们，这个提取出来的公共用例称为抽象用例，而把</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">原始用例称为基本用例或基础用例</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">当多个用例共同拥有类似的结构和行为的时候，可以将它们的共性抽象为父用例，其他的用例作为泛化关系中的子用例。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">1） A</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932062791421953"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932062791421953","questionId":"794932060945928193","content":"包含关系","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932062812393473","questionId":"794932060945928193","content":"扩展关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932062829170689","questionId":"794932060945928193","content":"泛化关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932062850142209","questionId":"794932060945928193","content":"聚集关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932086799618049","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在建立企业模型过程中，确定了企业高层业务功能之后，可以通过功能分解的方式将其进一步分解为业务过程。以下关于功能分解原则的描述，错误的是</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>32）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\">确定企业信息结构是信息战略规划的任务之一。在建立企业模型过程中，确定了企业高层业务功能之后，还可以将高层业务功能进一步分解为业务过程。在功能分解过程中应下列分解原则：</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(1)每个功能至少可分解成两个子功能或过程；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(2)在同一层次上的成分应属于同种类型，要么都是功能，要么都是过程；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(3)同种功能或过程在分解中不能重复出现；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(4)组成较高层次的功能的子功能或过程，必须反映较高层功能的所有方面。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">D</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932088724803585"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932088670277633","questionId":"794932086799618049","content":"每个高层功能一般至少可分解成两个子功能或过程","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932088687054849","questionId":"794932086799618049","content":"同种功能或过程在分解中不能重复出现","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932088708026369","questionId":"794932086799618049","content":"组成较高层次的功能的子功能或过程，必须反映较高层功能的所有方面","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932088724803585","questionId":"794932086799618049","content":"在同一分解层次上同时包含功能与过程","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932095423107073","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called __(71)__. Requirements written from the developer's perspective and describe how the system will be implemented are called __(72)__. Requirements evolve from detailed statemens of business capabilities that a system should have to detailed statements of the technical way in whick the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. Requirements can be either functional or nofunctional in nature. For example, during the analysis phase of travel vehicles sales system, the system that must have the ability to search for available inventory is __(73)__. The requirement that the system should be able to work on any Web browser belongs to __(74)__. That customer personal information is protected in compliance with the Data Protection Act is a requirement of __(75)__.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（71）应选？</span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求仅仅是系统必须做什么或者需要具备哪些特性的陈述。从用户的角度编写的需求和关注用户需求的需求称为（</span>71<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。从开发人员的角度编写的需求描述系统将如何实现被称为（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。要求从具体的业务能力状态演化而来，系统应该具备详细的技术方式陈述，以便在新系统中实现能力。要求可以是功能性的，也可以是非功能性的。例如，在旅行车销售系统的分析阶段，必须具备搜索可用库存能力的系统是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。系统应能够在任何</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">Web</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">浏览器上工作的要求属于（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。客户的个人信息受到“数据保护法”的保护是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）的要求。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(71) A.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">操作需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">技术需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> D.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">系统需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>71<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">B</span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932097323126785"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932097306349569","questionId":"794932095423107073","content":"operationalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932097323126785","questionId":"794932095423107073","content":"businessrequirements","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932097339904001","questionId":"794932095423107073","content":"technicalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932097360875521","questionId":"794932095423107073","content":"systemrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932104096927745","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called __(71)__. Requirements written from the developer's perspective and describe how the system will be implemented are called __(72)__. Requirements evolve from detailed statemens of business capabilities that a system should have to detailed statements of the technical way in whick the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. Requirements can be either functional or nofunctional in nature. For example, during the analysis phase of travel vehicles sales system, the system that must have the ability to search for available inventory is __(73)__. The requirement that the system should be able to work on any Web browser belongs to __(74)__. That customer personal information is protected in compliance with the Data Protection Act is a requirement of __(75)__.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（74）应选？</span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p>需求仅仅是系统必须做什么或者需要具备哪些特性的陈述。从用户的角度编写的需求和关注用户需求的需求称为（71）。从开发人员的角度编写的需求描述系统将如何实现被称为（72）。要求从具体的业务能力状态演化而来，系统应该具备详细的技术方式陈述，以便在新系统中实现能力。要求可以是功能性的，也可以是非功能性的。例如，在旅行车销售系统的分析阶段，必须具备搜索可用库存能力的系统是（73）。系统应能够在任何Web浏览器上工作的要求属于（74）。客户的个人信息受到“数据保护法”的保护是（75）的要求。<br/></p><p><br/></p><p>(74)A.功能需求\t B.技术需求<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p> C.操作需求 \tD.信息需求<span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">C</span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932106009530369"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932105975975937","questionId":"794932104096927745","content":"functionalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932105992753153","questionId":"794932104096927745","content":"technicalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932106009530369","questionId":"794932104096927745","content":"operationalrequirements","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932106026307585","questionId":"794932104096927745","content":"informationrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932138523774977","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.5pt;\">The ____ is a general description of the architecture of a workflow management system used by the WFMC, in which the main components and the associated interfaces are summarizeD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">The workflow enactment service is the heart of a workflow system which consists of several __请作答该选项__.</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"> <br/></span></span></p>","analyze":"<p>略<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932140373463041"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932140373463041","questionId":"794932138523774977","content":"workflowengines","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932140390240257","questionId":"794932138523774977","content":"processes","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932140407017473","questionId":"794932138523774977","content":"workflowthreads","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932140427988993","questionId":"794932138523774977","content":"tasks","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932121528455169","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">Besides the __请作答该选项_ for process and data of current system, the deliverable from this phase also includes the ____ for the proposed system.</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p>略<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932123378143233"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932123378143233","questionId":"794932121528455169","content":"logicalmodels","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932123399114753","questionId":"794932121528455169","content":"physicalmodels","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932123415891969","questionId":"794932121528455169","content":"designmodels","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932123432669185","questionId":"794932121528455169","content":"implementationmodels","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932258984185857","title":"下列关于软件需求管理与需求开发的论述，正确的是（41）。","analyze":"<p>所有与需求直接相关的活动通称为需求工程。需求工程的活动可分为两大类，一类属于需求开发，另一类属于需求开发的目的是通过调查与分析，获取用户需求并定义产品需求，需求开发的过程有四个∶需求获取、需求分析、需求定义和需求验证。需求管理的目的是确保各方对需求的一致理解，管理和控制需求的变更，从需求到最终产品的双向跟踪。</p><p>在需求管理中，要收集需求的变更的理由，并且维持对原有需求和产品及构件需求的双向跟踪。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932260930342913"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932260880011265","questionId":"794932258984185857","content":"所谓需求管理是指对需求开发的管理","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932260896788481","questionId":"794932258984185857","content":"需求管理包括∶ 需求获取、需求分析、需求定义和需求验证","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932260913565697","questionId":"794932258984185857","content":"需求开发是将用户需求转化为应用系统成果的过程","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932260930342913","questionId":"794932258984185857","content":"在需求管理中，要求维持对原有需求和所有产品构件需求的双向跟踪","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932156693499905","title":"<p>QFD是将用户要求转化为软件需求的技术。其目的是最大限度提升软件工程中客户满意度，为了实现这个目标，QFD确认了三类需求，即：常规需求、（ ）和意外需求。</p>","analyze":"<p>QFD确认三种需求：常规、期望和意外需求。期望需求指隐藏在产品或系统中，用户没有显式说明的需求<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932158576742401"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932158576742401","questionId":"794932156693499905","content":"期望需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932158597713921","questionId":"794932156693499905","content":"基础需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932158618685441","questionId":"794932156693499905","content":"显式需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932158639656961","questionId":"794932156693499905","content":"功能需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932058026692609","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project. Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances.</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">（75）应选？</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求只是陈述了系统必须做什么或者系统需要有什么特性，需求来自于从系统总体</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">71</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的广泛陈述到系统所支持业务能力的详细陈述，再到新系统能力实现中所采用方法的详细技术陈述。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">72</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">致力于描述如何创建将在项目中产生的软件产品。非功能性需求主要在设计阶段中做出关于用户界面、硬件和软件，以及系统底层架构的决策时使用。系统的物理和技术环境将被看作一种</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">73</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。系统的速度、能力和可靠性属于</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">74</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">75</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">描述了谁在什么情况下具有访问系统的权限。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(75)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">系统约束</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">文化性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">控制性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">安全性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;background:#7F7F7F;mso-shading:#7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(75)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> D</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932060031569921"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932059943489537","questionId":"794932058026692609","content":"Systemconstraint","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932059972849665","questionId":"794932058026692609","content":"Culturalrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932060002209793","questionId":"794932058026692609","content":"Controlrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932060031569921","questionId":"794932058026692609","content":"Securityrequirement","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932066616627201","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">详细调查为系统分析和新系统逻辑模型的建立提供详尽的、准确的、完整的系统的资料。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如果对某现有系统进行详细调查时，发现该系统业务复杂，涉及岗位较多，系统的历史遗留文档全面、数量很大时，可以采用</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>21）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 21pt;\">详细调查是系统分析中的重要环节，主要为系统分析和新系统逻辑模型的建立提供详尽的、准确的、完整的、系统的资料。详细调査的主要内容包括现有系统的运行环境和状况、系统功能、业务流程、资源情况、约束条件和薄弱环节等。如果在对某现有系统进行详细调査时，发现该系统业务复杂，涉及岗位较多，系统的历史遗留文档全面、数量很大时，可以采用抽样调查方法，通过抽样获取必要的信息。</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">（21）D</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932068546007041"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932068483092481","questionId":"794932066616627201","content":"现场观摩","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932068508258305","questionId":"794932066616627201","content":"书面调查","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932068525035521","questionId":"794932066616627201","content":"个别访问","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932068546007041","questionId":"794932066616627201","content":"抽样调查","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932092587757569","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如何选择一个合适的开发方法，以保证在多变的市场环境下，在既定的预算和时间要求范围内，开发出让用户满意的信息系统，是系统分析师必须要面对的问题。</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>38）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法以粗粒度、松散耦合的系统功能为核心，强调系统功能的标准化和构件化，加强了系统的灵活性、可复用性和可演化性。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在众多的开发方法中，面向对象方法最早来源于仿真领域，其特点是系统的描述及信息模型的表示与客观实体相对应，符合人们的思维习惯，有利于系统开发过程中用户与开发人鉍的交流和沟通，缩短开发周期，提供系统开发的正确性和效率。面向服务的方法以粗粒度、松散耦合的系统功能为核心，强调系统功能的标准化和构件化，加强了系统的灵活性、可复用性和可演化性。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">（38）D</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932094487777281"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932094445834241","questionId":"794932092587757569","content":"结构化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932094462611457","questionId":"794932092587757569","content":"面向对象","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932094475194369","questionId":"794932092587757569","content":"原型化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932094487777281","questionId":"794932092587757569","content":"面向服务","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932109868290049","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">某企业财务系统的需求中，属于功能需求的是（ </span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。</span></span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><br/></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">功能性需求即软件必须完成哪些事，必须实现哪些功能。选项</span>BCD<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">属于性能需求。</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 黑体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">A</span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932111814447105"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932111814447105","questionId":"794932109868290049","content":"每个月特定的时间发放员工工资","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932111827030017","questionId":"794932109868290049","content":"系统的响应时间不超过3秒","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932111848001537","questionId":"794932109868290049","content":"系统的计算精度符合财务规则的要求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932111864778753","questionId":"794932109868290049","content":"系统可以允许100个用户同时查询自己的工资","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932135671648257","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.5pt;\">The __请作答该选项__ is a general description of the architecture of a workflow management system used by the WFMC, in which the main components and the associated interfaces are summarizeD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">The workflow enactment service is the heart of a workflow system which consists of several ____.</span><br/></p>","analyze":"<p>略<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932137567473665"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932137542307841","questionId":"794932135671648257","content":"waterfallmodel","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932137567473665","questionId":"794932135671648257","content":"workflowreferencemodel","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932137584250881","questionId":"794932135671648257","content":"evolutionarymodel","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932137605222401","questionId":"794932135671648257","content":"spiralmodel","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932329364606977","title":"<p>（）是一个完全以业务功能为主体的树形图，其目的在于描述企业内部各部门的业务和功能。</p>","analyze":"<p>功能体系图是一个完全以业务功能为主体的树形图，其目的在于描述企业内部各部门的业务和功能</p><p> </p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932331419815937"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932331419815937","questionId":"794932329364606977","content":"功能体系图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932331449176065","questionId":"794932329364606977","content":"组织结构图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932331478536193","questionId":"794932329364606977","content":"流程图 <br/>","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932331507896321","questionId":"794932329364606977","content":"功能流程图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932222074310657","title":"<p>需求分析的任务是借助于当前系统的物理模型导出目标系统的逻辑模型，解决目标系统“做什么”的问题。（24）并不是需求分析的实现步骤之一。</p>","analyze":"<p>软件需求分析工作是软件生存周期中重要的一步，也是决定性的一步。只有通过软件需求分析，才能把软件功能和性能的总体概念描述为具体的软件需求规格说明，从而奠定软件开发的基础。软件需求决定的是目标系统“做什么”，而不是“怎么做”的问题(例如，确定目标实现的具体技术路线、建立目标系统的物理模型等)。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932224058216449"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932223953358849","questionId":"794932222074310657","content":"获得当前系统的物理模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932223995301889","questionId":"794932222074310657","content":"抽象出当前系统的逻辑模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932224028856321","questionId":"794932222074310657","content":"建立目标系统的逻辑模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932224058216449","questionId":"794932222074310657","content":"建立目标系统的物理模型","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932188087865345","title":"以下关于系统调查时所画的系统组织结构图的叙述，错误的是（ ）。","analyze":"组织结构是一个企业内部部门的划分及其相互之间的关系。每个企业都有自己的组织结构图，它将企业分成若干部分，标明行政隶属关系。组织结构图是一种类树结构，树的分枝是根据上下级和行政隶属关系绘制的。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932189950136321"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932189950136321","questionId":"794932188087865345","content":"组织结构图中，需要根据系统功能将组织结构重新划分","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932189971107841","questionId":"794932188087865345","content":"根据系统分析的范围，组织结构图只要描述与系统有关的部分","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932189996273665","questionId":"794932188087865345","content":"组织结构图中需要标明行政隶属关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932190017245185","questionId":"794932188087865345","content":"组织结构图中需要标明信息、物质、资金的流动关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932407181529089","title":"<p>关于面向对象方法的描述，不正确的是（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>【试题分析】面向对象的三大特征是封装、继承和多态。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932409073160193"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932409056382977","questionId":"794932407181529089","content":"相比于面向过程设计方法，面向对象方法更符合人类思维习惯","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932409073160193","questionId":"794932407181529089","content":"封装性、继承性、模块性是面向对象的三大特征","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932409094131713","questionId":"794932407181529089","content":"面向对象设计中，应把握高内聚、低耦合的原则","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932409110908929","questionId":"794932407181529089","content":"使用面向对象方法构造的系统具有更好的复用性","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932170975105025","title":"以下关于需求管理的叙述中，正确的是（ ）。","analyze":"<p>需求管理是一个对系统需求变更、了解和控制的过程。需求管理过程与需求开发过程相互关联，当初始需求导出的同时就启动了需求管理计划，一旦形成了需求文档的初稿，需求管理活动就开始了。</p><p>关于需求管理过程域内的原则和策略，可以参考：</p><p>①需求管理的关键过程领域不涉及收集和分析项目需求，而是假定己收集了软件需求，或者已由更高一级的系统给定了需求。</p><p>②开发人员在向客户以及有关部门承诺某些需求之前，应该确认需求和约束条件、风险、偶然因素、假定条件等。</p><p>③关键处理领域同样建议通过版本控制和变更控制来管理需求文档。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932172841570305"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932172841570305","questionId":"794932170975105025","content":"需求管理是一个对系统需求及其变更进行了解和控制的过程","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932172858347521","questionId":"794932170975105025","content":"为了获得项目，开发人员可以先向客户做出某些承诺","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932172875124737","questionId":"794932170975105025","content":"需求管理的重点在于收集和分析项目需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932172887707649","questionId":"794932170975105025","content":"软件开发过程是独立于需求管理的活动","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932153812013057","title":"需求管理是一个对系统需求变更、了解和控制的过程，以下活动中，（ ）不属于需求管理的主要活动。","analyze":"需求管理的活动包括变更控制、版本控制、需求跟踪、需求状态跟踪。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932155707838465"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932155707838465","questionId":"794932153812013057","content":"文档管理","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932155728809985","questionId":"794932153812013057","content":"需求跟踪","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932155749781505","questionId":"794932153812013057","content":"版本控制","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932155779141633","questionId":"794932153812013057","content":"变更控制","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932162469056513","title":"<p>软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，涵盖从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节的不同要求。其中（ ）需求通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。（请作答此空）需求是系统必须能完成的任务。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式来获取。（）需求是从一个系统的角度出发，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p>","analyze":"<p>简单地说，软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，包括业务需求、用户需求和系统需求，这三个不同层次从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节。</p><p> （1）业务需求。业务需求是指反映企业或客户对系统高层次的目标要求，通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。通过业务需求可以确定项目视图和范围。</p><p> （2）用户需求。用户需求描述的是用户的具体目标，或用户要求系统必须能完成的任务。也就是说，用户需求描述了用户能使用系统来做些什么。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式，对用户使用的场景（scenarios）进行整理，从而建立用户需求</p><p>（3）系统需求。系统需求是从系统的角度来说明软件的需求，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932164373270529"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932164352299009","questionId":"794932162469056513","content":"系统需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932164373270529","questionId":"794932162469056513","content":"用户需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932164394242049","questionId":"794932162469056513","content":"业务需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932164419407873","questionId":"794932162469056513","content":"期望需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932089639161857","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如何选择一个合适的开发方法，以保证在多变的市场环境下，在既定的预算和时间要求范围内，开发出让用户满意的信息系统，是系统分析师必须要面对的问题。</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>37）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法使系统的描述及信息模型的表示与客观实体相对应，符合人们的思维习惯，有利于系统开发过程中用户与开发人员的交流与沟通，缩短开发周期，提供系统开发的正确性和效率。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在众多的开发方法中，面向对象方法最早来源于仿真领域，其特点是系统的描述及信息模型的表示与客观实体相对应，符合人们的思维习惯，有利于系统开发过程中用户与开发人鉍的交流和沟通，缩短开发周期，提供系统开发的正确性和效率。面向服务的方法以粗粒度、松散耦合的系统功能为核心，强调系统功能的标准化和构件化，加强了系统的灵活性、可复用性和可演化性。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">37）B </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932091518210049"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932091505627137","questionId":"794932089639161857","content":"结构化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932091518210049","questionId":"794932089639161857","content":"面向对象","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932091530792961","questionId":"794932089639161857","content":"原型化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932091543375873","questionId":"794932089639161857","content":"面向服务","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932343830761473","title":"在软件需求工程中，需求管理贯穿整个过程。需求管理最基本的任务是明确需求，并使项目团队和用户达成共识，即 建立（ ） 。","analyze":"需求是软件项目成功的核心所在，它为其他许多技术和管理活动奠定了基础。在软件需求工程中，需求管理贯穿 整个过程。需求管理最基本的任务是明确需求，并使项目团队和用户达成共识，即建立需求基线。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932345751752705"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932345705615361","questionId":"794932343830761473","content":"需求跟踪说明","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932345718198273","questionId":"794932343830761473","content":"需求变更管理文档","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932345734975489","questionId":"794932343830761473","content":"需求分析计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932345751752705","questionId":"794932343830761473","content":"需求基线","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932176712912897","title":"<p>在uml2.0中，（）描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点，用于画出结构化类的内部内容。（请作答此空）强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时间，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。（ ）通常与其他图一起使用，包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。交互概览图是（ ）和（ ）的混合物。</p>","analyze":"<p>（1）组合结构图描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点。组合结构图用于画出结构化类的内部内容。</p><p>（2）定时图也称计时图，定时图也是一种交互图，它强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。</p><p>（3）制品图描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。制品包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。制品图通常与部署图一起使用。制品也给出了它们实现的类和构件。</p><p>（4）交互概览图是活动图和顺序图的混合物。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932178650681345"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932178579378177","questionId":"794932176712912897","content":"包图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932178604544001","questionId":"794932176712912897","content":"制品图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932178625515521","questionId":"794932176712912897","content":"构件图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932178650681345","questionId":"794932176712912897","content":"定时图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932112825274369","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">Many of the activities performed during the preliminary investigation are still being conducted in ____, but in much greater depth than before.</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p>略</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932114674962433"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932114674962433","questionId":"794932112825274369","content":"analysisphase","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932114691739649","questionId":"794932112825274369","content":"designphase","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932114708516865","questionId":"794932112825274369","content":"implementationphase","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932114725294081","questionId":"794932112825274369","content":"maintenancephase","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932448621252609","title":"IDEF（Integration Definition Method，集成定义方法）是一系列建模、分析和仿真方法的统称，每套方法都是通过建模来获得某种特定类型的信息。其中， （43） 可以进行数据建模。","analyze":"IDEF是一系列建模、分析和仿真方法的统称，从IDEF0到IDEF14（包括IDEF1X在内）共有16套方法，每套方法都是通过建模程序来获取某个特定类型的信息。它们分别是IDEF0（功能建模）、IDEF1（信息建模）、IDEF1X（数据建模）、IDEF2（仿真建模设计）、IDEF3（过程描述获取）、IDEF4（面向对象设计）、IDEF5（本体论描述获取）、IDEF6（设计原理获取）、IDEF7（信息系统审计）、IDEF8（用户界面建模）、IDEF9（场景驱动信息系统设计）、IDEF10（实施架构建模）、IDEF11（信息制品建模）、IDEF12（组织建模）、IDEF13（三模式映射设计）和IDEF14（网络规划）。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932450517078017"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932450475134977","questionId":"794932448621252609","content":"IDEF0","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932450496106497","questionId":"794932448621252609","content":"IDEF1","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932450517078017","questionId":"794932448621252609","content":"IDEF1X","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932450538049537","questionId":"794932448621252609","content":"IDEF2","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932182417166337","title":"<p>在uml2.0中，（）描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点，用于画出结构化类的内部内容。（ ）强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时间，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。（ ）通常与其他图一起使用，包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。交互概览图是（请作答此空）和（ ）的混合物。</p>","analyze":"<p>（1）组合结构图描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点。组合结构图用于画出结构化类的内部内容。</p><p>（2）定时图也称计时图，定时图也是一种交互图，它强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时间，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。</p><p>（3）制品图描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。制品包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。制品图通常与部署图一起使用。制品也给出了它们实现的类和构件。</p><p>（4）交互概览图是活动图和顺序图的混合物。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932184342351873"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932184292020225","questionId":"794932182417166337","content":"协作图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932184317186049","questionId":"794932182417166337","content":"通信图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932184342351873","questionId":"794932182417166337","content":"顺序图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932184363323393","questionId":"794932182417166337","content":"部署图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932049407397889","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"> 71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project. Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances.</span><br/></p><p><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"> (72）处应选？</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求只是陈述了系统必须做什么或者系统需要有什么特性，需求来自于从系统总体</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">71</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的广泛陈述到系统所支持业务能力的详细陈述，再到新系统能力实现中所采用方法的详细技术陈述。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">72</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">致力于描述如何创建将在项目中产生的软件产品。非功能性需求主要在设计阶段中做出关于用户界面、硬件和软件，以及系统底层架构的决策时使用。系统的物理和技术环境将被看作一种</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">73</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。系统的速度、能力和可靠性属于</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">74</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">75</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">描述了谁在什么情况下具有访问系统的权限。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(72)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">用户需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">功能需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">系统需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;background:#7F7F7F;mso-shading:#7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(72)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#FF0000;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C</span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932051370332161"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932051336777729","questionId":"794932049407397889","content":"Userrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932051349360641","questionId":"794932049407397889","content":"Businessrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932051370332161","questionId":"794932049407397889","content":"Functionrequirements","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932051382915073","questionId":"794932049407397889","content":"Systemrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932075378528257","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD）是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，它反映现有系统各部门的业务处理过程及其之间的分工与联系，以及连接各部门的</span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>24）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的传递和流动关系，体现现有系统的边界、环境、输入</span>/输出和数据存储等内容。</span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">业务流程图（</span>Transaction Flow Diagram，TFD)是业务流程调查结果的图形化表示，它反映现有系统各部门的业务处理过程及其之间的分工与联系，以及连接各部门信息流的传递和流动关系，体现现有系统的边界、环境、输入/输出和数据存储等内容。在题干中的例子中，供货</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">商</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">应该是系统之外的一个实体，会根据采购人员的通知进行货物补充，其行为不再系统之内，因此应该表示为外部实体；员工是处理整个业务流程的核心单元，应该表示为业务处理单位。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">24）A </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932077249187841"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932077249187841","questionId":"794932075378528257","content":"信息流","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932077274353665","questionId":"794932075378528257","content":"控制流","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932077307908097","questionId":"794932075378528257","content":"功能流","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932077337268225","questionId":"794932075378528257","content":"业务流","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932239090601985","title":"<p>为了能够及时针对市场环境的变化进行发展战略调整，某电子商务公司委托PH软件研发公司开发一个商业情报处理系统。在系统分析阶段，为了更好地对情报数据处理流程及其与外部角色的关联进行建模，PH公司项目组将（30）。</p>","analyze":"<p>数据流图和流程图是结构化建模中使用的重要工具，能够帮助开发人员更好地分析和设计系统，增强系统开发人员之间交流的准确性和有效性。数据流图和流程图是为了达到不同的目的而产生的，其所采用的标准符号集合也不相同。在实际应用中，两者的区别主要包括以下几点。</p><p>①数据流图作为一种图形化工具，用来说明业务处理过程、系统边界内所包含的功能和系统中的数据流，适用于系统分析中的逻辑建模阶段；流程图以图形化的方式展示应用程序从数据输入开始到获得输出为止的逻辑过程，描述处理过程的控制流，往往涉及具体的技术和环境，适用于系统设计中的物理建模阶段。</p><p>②数据流图中的处理过程可并行；流程图在某个时间点只能处于一个处理过程。</p><p>③数据流图展现系统的数据流；流程图展现系统的控制流。</p><p>④数据流图展现全局的处理过程，过程之间遵循不同的计时标准；流程图中的处理过程遵循一致的计时标准。</p><p>依题意，结合题干关键信息“在系统分析阶段，为了更好地对情报数据处理流程及其与外部角色的关联进行建模”，这符合数据流图的应用场景要求，因此项目组要先构建数据流图，以在系统分析阶段反映数据流向和系统边界。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932241049341953"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932240961261569","questionId":"794932239090601985","content":"先构建系统流程图(System Flowchaits)，来展现全局的处理过程，处理过程之间遵循一致的计时标准","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932240990621697","questionId":"794932239090601985","content":"先构建系统数据流图(Data Flow Diagrams)，以便描述处理过程的控制流和数据流，使处理过程可并行","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932241019981825","questionId":"794932239090601985","content":"先构建系统流程图，以便更精确地反映系统的业务处理过程及数据的输入和输出","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932241049341953","questionId":"794932239090601985","content":"先构建系统数据流图展现系统的处理过程和定义业务功能边界","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932205116739585","title":"<p>在软件需求分析中，（）分别用来表示功能模型和行为模型。</p>","analyze":"<p>在软件需求分析中，可使用SA方法进行需求分析，其建立的模型的核心是数据字典，围绕数据字典有三个层次的模型，有三个层次的模型，分别是数据模型、功能模型和行为模型（也称为状态模型）。</p><p>在实际工作中，使用E-R图，也称实体联系图，表示数据模型；用数据流图（Data Flow Diagram，DFD）表示功能模型；用状态转换图（State Transform Diagram，STD）表示行为模型。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932206979010561"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932206979010561","questionId":"794932205116739585","content":"数据流图、状态转换图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932206999982081","questionId":"794932205116739585","content":"状态转换图、E-R图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932207020953601","questionId":"794932205116739585","content":"状态转换图、数据流图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932207046119425","questionId":"794932205116739585","content":"E-R图、状态转换图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932179569233921","title":"在uml2.0中，（）描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点，用于画出结构化类的内部内容。（ ）强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。（请作答此空）通常与其他图一起使用，包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。交互概览图是（ ）和（ ）的混合物。","analyze":"<p>（1）组合结构图描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点。组合结构图用于画出结构化类的内部内容。</p><p>（2）定时图也称计时图，定时图也是一种交互图，它强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。</p><p>（3）制品图描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。制品包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。制品图通常与部署图一起使用。制品也给出了它们实现的类和构件。</p><p>（4）交互概览图是活动图和顺序图的混合物。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932181469253633"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932181452476417","questionId":"794932179569233921","content":"包图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932181469253633","questionId":"794932179569233921","content":"制品图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932181486030849","questionId":"794932179569233921","content":"组合结构图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932181502808065","questionId":"794932179569233921","content":"部署图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932390022631425","title":"<p>业务流程分析的目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义。在业务流程分析方法中， （44） 将企业业务流程看成一个紧密联接的供应链，将供应商和企业内部的采购、生产、销售，以及客户紧密联系起来，有效管理供应链上的所有环节，实现企业的动态控制和各种资源的集成和优化，追求企业资源的合理、高效利用。</p>","analyze":"<p>业务流程分析的主要方法有价值链分析法、客户关系分析法、供应链分析法、基于ERP的分析法和业务流程重组等。</p><p>（1）价值链分析法：找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。</p><p>（2）客户关系分析法：处理客户数据，分析与企业的关系，用来增加销售能力与服务水平，并进行成本控制。</p><p>（3）供应链分析法：从企业供应链的角度分析企业的业务流程。</p><p>（4）基于ERP的分析法：将企业业务流程看成一个紧密联接的供应链，将供应商和企业内部的采购、生产、销售，以及客户紧密联系起来，有效管理供应链上的所有环节，实现企业的动态控制和各种资源的集成和优化，从而提升企业基础管理水平，追求企业资源的合理、高效利用。</p><p>（5）业务流程重组。通过重新审视企业的价值链，从功能成本的比较分析中，确定企业在哪些环节具有比较优势。在此基础上，以顾客满意为出发点进行价值链的分解与整合，改造原有的业务流程，实现业务流程的最优化。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932391964594177"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932391901679617","questionId":"794932390022631425","content":"客户关系分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932391922651137","questionId":"794932390022631425","content":"价值链分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932391943622657","questionId":"794932390022631425","content":"供应链分析法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932391964594177","questionId":"794932390022631425","content":"基于ERP的分析法","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932055166177281","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project. Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances.</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">（74）应选？</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求只是陈述了系统必须做什么或者系统需要有什么特性，需求来自于从系统总体</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">71</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的广泛陈述到系统所支持业务能力的详细陈述，再到新系统能力实现中所采用方法的详细技术陈述。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">72</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">致力于描述如何创建将在项目中产生的软件产品。非功能性需求主要在设计阶段中做出关于用户界面、硬件和软件，以及系统底层架构的决策时使用。系统的物理和技术环境将被看作一种</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">73</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。系统的速度、能力和可靠性属于</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">74</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">75</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">描述了谁在什么情况下具有访问系统的权限。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(74)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">安全性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">性能</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">性</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">技术性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">非功能性需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\"> </span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;background:#7F7F7F;mso-shading:#7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(74)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> B </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932057074585601"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932057057808385","questionId":"794932055166177281","content":"securityrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932057074585601","questionId":"794932055166177281","content":"performancerequirement","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932057091362817","questionId":"794932055166177281","content":"technicalrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932057112334337","questionId":"794932055166177281","content":"informationrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932063772889089","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">详细调查为系统分析和新系统逻辑模型的建立提供详尽的、准确的、完整的系统的资料。详细调查的主要内容包括现有系统的运行环境和状况、系统功能、</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>20）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">、资源情况、约束条件和薄弱环节等。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">详细调查是系统分析中的重要环节，主要为系统分析和新系统逻辑模型的建立提供详尽的、准确的、完整的、系统的资料。详细调査的主要内容包括现有系统的运行环境和状况、系统功能、业务流程、资源情况、约束条件和薄弱环节等。如果在对某现有系统进行详细调査时，发现该系统业务复杂，涉及岗位较多，系统的历史遗留文档全面、数量很大时，可以采用抽样调查方法，通过抽样获取必要的信息。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">20）A </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932065651937281"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932065651937281","questionId":"794932063772889089","content":"业务流程","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932065664520193","questionId":"794932063772889089","content":"数据库模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932065681297409","questionId":"794932063772889089","content":"网络传输协议","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932065698074625","questionId":"794932063772889089","content":"编程语言","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932072564150273","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在对于现有系统进行分析时，</span></span><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>23）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法是错误的。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在对现有系统进行分析时，需要多与用户沟通，了解他们对现有系统的认识和评价</span>; 需要了解现有系统的组织结构、输入/输出、资源利用情况和数据处理过程；应该从对现有系统的物理模型出发，通过研究、分析建立起其较高层次的逻辑模型描述；在对系统进行分析的过程中，主要解决“做什么”的问题，即主要分析问题域，而不应该关注“怎么做”，即解决域中的具体解决方案。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">C</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932074451587073"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932074426421249","questionId":"794932072564150273","content":"多与用户沟通，了解他们对现有系统的认识和评价","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932074443198465","questionId":"794932072564150273","content":"了解现有系统的组织结构，输入/输出、资源利用情况和数据处理过程","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932074451587073","questionId":"794932072564150273","content":"理解现有系统“做什么”的基础上，抽取其“怎么做”的本质","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932074468364289","questionId":"794932072564150273","content":"从对现有系统的物理模型出发，通过研究、分析建立起其较高层次的逻辑模型描述","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932141350735873","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">In a workflow system, a process is specified using the process definition tool. Usually, processes are defined in terms of a __请作答该选项__, which consists of ____ indicated using a circle, and ____ shown as a rectangle. These two components can be linked by means of a directed arC</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p>略<br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932143246561281"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932143213006849","questionId":"794932141350735873","content":"PERTdiagram","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932143229784065","questionId":"794932141350735873","content":"DFD","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932143246561281","questionId":"794932141350735873","content":"PetriNet","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932143263338497","questionId":"794932141350735873","content":"ERdiagram","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932124338638849","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt;\">Many of the activities performed during the preliminary investigation are still being conducted in ____, but in much greater depth than before. During this phase, the analyst must become fully aware of the ____ and must develop enough knowledge about the ____ and the existing systems to enable an effective solution to be proposed and implementeD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><span style=\"font-family:Calibri\">Besides the ____ for process and data of current system, the deliverable from this phase also includes the __请作答该选项__ for the proposed system.</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;\">初始调查阶段的许多活动仍然会在分析阶段进行，但会比前面更为深入。在这个阶段，分析师必须认识到根本性问题，并且必须获取足够的关于业务环境和现有系统的知识，以便提出和实现一种有效的解决方案。除了现有系统过程与数据的逻辑模型外，这一阶段的交付物还包括所建议系统的形式化需求定义。</span><br/></p><p class=\"p\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932126238658561"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932126196715521","questionId":"794932124338638849","content":"hardwareandsoftwarespecification","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932126217687041","questionId":"794932124338638849","content":"systemperformancespecification","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932126238658561","questionId":"794932124338638849","content":"formalrequirementsdefinition","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932126255435777","questionId":"794932124338638849","content":"generalproblemstatement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932202302361601","title":"<p>需求工程活动产生软件运行特征的规约，指明软件和其他系统元素的接口并建立（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求工程活动产生软件运行特征的规约，指明软件和其他系统元素的接口并建立软件必须满足的约束条件。数据流图和数据字典只是这些约束条件的表示方法，而程序流程图和体系结构模型是设计阶段的工作。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932204198187009"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932204152049665","questionId":"794932202302361601","content":"数据流图和数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932204168826881","questionId":"794932202302361601","content":"程序流程图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932204185604097","questionId":"794932202302361601","content":"体系结构模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932204198187009","questionId":"794932202302361601","content":"软件必须满足的约束条件","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932159554015233","title":"<p>软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，涵盖从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节的不同要求。其中（请作答此空）需求通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。（）需求是系统必须能完成的任务。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式来获取。（）需求是从一个系统的角度出发，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p>","analyze":"<p>简单地说，软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，包括业务需求、用户需求和系统需求，这三个不同层次从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节。</p><p> （1）业务需求。业务需求是指反映企业或客户对系统高层次的目标要求，通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。通过业务需求可以确定项目视图和范围。</p><p> （2）用户需求。用户需求描述的是用户的具体目标，或用户要求系统必须能完成的任务。也就是说，用户需求描述了用户能使用系统来做些什么。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式，对用户使用的场景（scenarios）进行整理，从而建立用户需求</p><p>（3）系统需求。系统需求是从系统的角度来说明软件的需求，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932161445646337"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932161416286209","questionId":"794932159554015233","content":"常规需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932161433063425","questionId":"794932159554015233","content":"系统需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932161445646337","questionId":"794932159554015233","content":"业务需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932161458229249","questionId":"794932159554015233","content":"用户需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932052297273345","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances.</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">（73）应选？</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求只是陈述了系统必须做什么或者系统需要有什么特性，需求来自于从系统总体</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">71</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的广泛陈述到系统所支持业务能力的详细陈述，再到新系统能力实现中所采用方法的详细技术陈述。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">72</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">致力于描述如何创建将在项目中产生的软件产品。非功能性需求主要在设计阶段中做出关于用户界面、硬件和软件，以及系统底层架构的决策时使用。系统的物理和技术环境将被看作一种</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">73</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。系统的速度、能力和可靠性属于</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">74</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">75</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">描述了谁在什么情况下具有访问系统的权限。</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;\"> </span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(73)</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种功能需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">B.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种技术需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:41.4000pt;mso-char-indent-count:4.0000;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> C.一种</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">操作需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">D.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种服务需求</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;background:#7F7F7F;mso-shading:#7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:黑体\">参考答案：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(73)</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> C </span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932054235041793"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932054201487361","questionId":"794932052297273345","content":"afunctionalrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932054218264577","questionId":"794932052297273345","content":"atechnicalrequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932054235041793","questionId":"794932052297273345","content":"anoperationalrequirement","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932054251819009","questionId":"794932052297273345","content":"aservicerequirement","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932250436194305","title":"当（38）时，用例是捕获系统需求最好的选择。","analyze":"用例图描述的是系统的用户与系统的交互，是开发者与用户交流的工具，可用来很好地定义系统的边界。所以当用户较多时候，采用用例能够较好地捕获系统需求。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932252361379841"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932252306853889","questionId":"794932250436194305","content":"系统具有很少的用户","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932252323631105","questionId":"794932250436194305","content":"系统具有很少的接口","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932252344602625","questionId":"794932250436194305","content":"系统算法复杂，功能单一","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932252361379841","questionId":"794932250436194305","content":"系统有很多参与者","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932241963700225","title":"<p>下列关于面向对象的分析与设计的描述，正确的是（35）。</p>","analyze":"面向对象的分析描述软件要做什么，而不需要考虑技术和实现层面的细节。面向对象分析的结果是面向对象设计的输入。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932243838554113"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932243813388289","questionId":"794932241963700225","content":"面向对象设计描述软件要做什么","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932243838554113","questionId":"794932241963700225","content":"面向对象分析不需要考虑技术和实现层面的细节","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932243859525633","questionId":"794932241963700225","content":"面向对象分析的输入是面向对象设计的结果","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932243884691457","questionId":"794932241963700225","content":"面向对象设计的结果是简单的分析模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932422553653249","title":"<p>建立面向对象分析模型的过程大致包括定义概念类、确定类之间的关系、为类添加职责、（ ）等。</p>","analyze":"<p>【试题分析】建立分析模型的过程大致包括定义概念类、确定类之间的关系、为类添加职责、建立交互图等，其中有学者将前三个步骤统称为CRC（Class-Responsibility-Collaborator，类-责任-协作者）建模。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932424453672961"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932424432701441","questionId":"794932422553653249","content":"定义类的属性","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932424453672961","questionId":"794932422553653249","content":"建立交互图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932424474644481","questionId":"794932422553653249","content":"建立活动图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932424495616001","questionId":"794932422553653249","content":"类的设计原则","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932332426448897","title":"<p>( )可以检验是否识别出所有的功能，判定系统分析师是否理解了系统功能，也是以后进行系统设计的基础。</p>","analyze":"<p>功能流程图可以检验是否识别出所有的功能，判定系统分析师是否理解了系统功能，也是以后进行系统设计的基础。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932334309691393"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932334259359745","questionId":"794932332426448897","content":"功能体系图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932334276136961","questionId":"794932332426448897","content":"组织结构图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932334292914177","questionId":"794932332426448897","content":"流程图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932334309691393","questionId":"794932332426448897","content":"功能流程图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932190927409153","title":"<p>某开发组在开发某个系统时，各个阶段具有严格的界限，只有一个阶段的获得认可才能进行下一个阶段的工作，则该开发组最可能采用的软件开发方法是（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>结构化方法要求各个阶段具有严格的界限，一个阶段获得认可后才能进行下一个阶段的工作。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932192848400385"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932192823234561","questionId":"794932190927409153","content":"构件化方法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932192848400385","questionId":"794932190927409153","content":"结构化方法","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932192869371905","questionId":"794932190927409153","content":"面向对象方法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932192894537729","questionId":"794932190927409153","content":"快速原型法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932173814648833","title":"<p>在uml2.0中，（请作答此空） 描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点，用于画出结构化类的内部内容。（ ）强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时间，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。（ ）通常与其他图一起使用，包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。交互概览图是（ ）和（ ）的混合物。</p>","analyze":"<p>（1）组合结构图描述结构化类（例如，构件或类）的内部结构，包括结构化类与系统其余部分的交互点。组合结构图用于画出结构化类的内部内容。</p><p>（2）定时图也称计时图，定时图也是一种交互图，它强调消息跨越不同对象或参与者的实际时问，而不仅仅只是关心消息的相对顺序。</p><p>（3）制品图描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。制品包括文件、数据库和类似的物理比特集合。制品图通常与部署图一起使用。制品也给出了它们实现的类和构件。</p><p>（4）交互概览图是活动图和顺序图的混合物。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932175785971713"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932175752417281","questionId":"794932173814648833","content":"包图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932175769194497","questionId":"794932173814648833","content":"制品图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932175785971713","questionId":"794932173814648833","content":"组合结构图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932175806943233","questionId":"794932173814648833","content":"定时图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932165342154753","title":"<p>软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，涵盖从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节的不同要求。其中（ ）需求通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。（ ）需求是系统必须能完成的任务。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式来获取。（请作答此空）需求是从一个系统的角度出发，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p>","analyze":"<p>简单地说，软件需求就是系统必须完成的事以及必须具备的品质。需求是多层次的，包括业务需求、用户需求和系统需求，这三个不同层次从目标到具体，从整体到局部，从概念到细节。</p><p> （1）业务需求。业务需求是指反映企业或客户对系统高层次的目标要求，通常来自项目投资人、购买产品的客户、客户单位的管理人员、市场营销部门或产品策划部门等。通过业务需求可以确定项目视图和范围。</p><p> （2）用户需求。用户需求描述的是用户的具体目标，或用户要求系统必须能完成的任务。也就是说，用户需求描述了用户能使用系统来做些什么。通常采取用户访谈和问卷调查等方式，对用户使用的场景（scenarios）进行整理，从而建立用户需求</p><p>（3）系统需求。系统需求是从系统的角度来说明软件的需求，包括功能需求、非功能需求和设计约束等。</p><p><br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932167200231425"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932167200231425","questionId":"794932165342154753","content":"系统需求","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932167217008641","questionId":"794932165342154753","content":"用户需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932167229591553","questionId":"794932165342154753","content":"业务需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932167246368769","questionId":"794932165342154753","content":"期望需求","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932083955879937","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>28）</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">是系统分析阶段结束后得到的工作产品。</span></span></p>","analyze":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;color:#FF0000;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">选项</span>ACD分别属于设计阶段、编码阶段与测试过程。</span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932085830733825"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932085809762305","questionId":"794932083955879937","content":"系统设计规格说明","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932085830733825","questionId":"794932083955879937","content":"系统方案建议书","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932085851705345","questionId":"794932083955879937","content":"程序规格说明","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932085872676865","questionId":"794932083955879937","content":"单元测试数据","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932101202857985","title":"<p><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called __(71)__. Requirements written from the developer's perspective and describe how the system will be implemented are called __(72)__. Requirements evolve from detailed statemens of business capabilities that a system should have to detailed statements of the technical way in whick the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. Requirements can be either functional or nofunctional in nature. For example, during the analysis phase of travel vehicles sales system, the system that must have the ability to search for available inventory is __(73)__. The requirement that the system should be able to work on any Web browser belongs to __(74)__. That customer personal information is protected in compliance with the Data Protection Act is a requirement of __(75)__.</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（73）应选？</span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求仅仅是系统必须做什么或者需要具备哪些特性的陈述。从用户的角度编写的需求和关注用户需求的需求称为（</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\">71</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。从开发人员的角度编写的需求描述系统将如何实现被称为（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">72</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。要求从具体的业务能力状态演化而来，系统应该具备详细的技术方式陈述，以便在新系统中实现能力。要求可以是功能性的，也可以是非功能性的。例如，在旅行车销售系统的分析阶段，必须具备搜索可用库存能力的系统是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。系统应能够在任何</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">Web</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">浏览器上工作的要求属于（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">74</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）。客户的个人信息受到“数据保护法”的保护是（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">75</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）的要求。</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(73) A.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种功能需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">\t</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> B.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种技术需求</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">C.<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种操作需求 </span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">D.</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一种服务需求</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; background: #7F7F7F;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">参考答案</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">73</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">A</span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932103081906177"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932103081906177","questionId":"794932101202857985","content":"afunctionalrequirements","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932103119654913","questionId":"794932101202857985","content":"atechnicalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932103149015041","questionId":"794932101202857985","content":"anoperationalrequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932103182569473","questionId":"794932101202857985","content":"aservicerequirements","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932118735048705","title":"<p><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.5pt;\">During this phase, the analyst must become fully aware of the ____ and must develop enough knowledge about the __请作答该选项__ and the existing systems to enable an effective solution to be proposed and implemented</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．</span><br/></p>","analyze":"<p>略</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932120618291201"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932120580542465","questionId":"794932118735048705","content":"hardwareenvironment","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932120593125377","questionId":"794932118735048705","content":"testingenvironment","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932120605708289","questionId":"794932118735048705","content":"softwareenvironment","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932120618291201","questionId":"794932118735048705","content":"businessenvironment","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932346687082497","title":"<p>某大型移动通信运营商欲开发一个新的应用系统以替换原有系统。在需求分析阶段，为尽快从已有系统文档资料和用 户处获取整体系统需求，采用（ ）的方法捕获需求最为合适。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求获取是一个确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程。常见的需求获取方式有用户访谈、问卷调查、抽样和联合需求计划等。根据题干描述，应该采用抽样的方法。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932348964589569"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932348914257921","questionId":"794932346687082497","content":"用户访谈","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932348939423745","questionId":"794932346687082497","content":"联合需求计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932348964589569","questionId":"794932346687082497","content":"抽样","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932348985561089","questionId":"794932346687082497","content":"头脑风暴","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932213593427969","title":"用例从用户角度描述系统的行为。用例之间可以存在一定的关系。在“某图书馆管理系统”用例模型中，所有用户使用系统之前必须通过“身份验证”。“身份验证”可以有“密码验证”和“智能卡验证”两种方式。“身份验证”、“密码验证”和“智能卡验证”之间是__（19）__关系。","analyze":"<p>通常在用例图中可使用关联(Association)、包含(Include)、扩展(Extend)和泛化(Generalization)等4种关系。</p><p>当参与者与用例之间进行交互时，用例和参与者之间拥有选项A的“关联”关系。</p><p>在一个复杂系统中，不同的用例之间可能存在一些相同的行为，可将这些相同的行为提取出来单独组成一个用例。当其他用例使用该用例时，用例之间便形成了选项B的“包含”关系。</p><p>在用例的执行过程中，可能会出现异常行为，也可能会在不同的流程分支中选择执行。这时可以将异常行为或可选分支抽象成一个单独的扩展用例，它与主用例之间形成选项C的“扩展”关系。</p><p>选项D的“泛化(Generalization)”关系是描述用例之间一般与特殊关系的，不同的子用例代表了父用例的不同实现方法。“密码验证”和“智能卡验证”是“身份验证”中的两种不同的实现方法。它们与“身份验证”之间是泛化关系。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932215518613505"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932215455698945","questionId":"794932213593427969","content":"关联","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932215472476161","questionId":"794932213593427969","content":"包含","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932215493447681","questionId":"794932213593427969","content":"扩展","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932215518613505","questionId":"794932213593427969","content":"泛化","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932193800507393","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>下图属于UML中的（1），其中，AccountManagement需要（2）。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/b36a82f24fae9761389ff046c441aa2c.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"b36a82f24fae9761389ff046c441aa2c.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p>","analyze":"UML语言是标准的建模语言，通过图形化的方式展现系统的模型。本题是UML中的组件图，其表示的含义是组件AccountManagement需要调用CreditCardServices组件和 Logger组件分别实现的Identity Verifier接口和TransactionLogger接口。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932195654389761"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932195654389761","questionId":"794932193800507393","content":"组件图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932195675361281","questionId":"794932193800507393","content":"部署图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932195700527105","questionId":"794932193800507393","content":"类图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932195721498625","questionId":"794932193800507393","content":"对象图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932286528180225","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>统一软件开发过程是一种基于面向对象技术的软件开发过程，其特点是“用例驱动，以架构为核心，迭代并增量”。统一软件开发过程定义了4种通用的开发阶段，它们按照过程顺序分别是：起始阶段、（）、构建阶段和（），其中在构建阶段主要产生的文档有（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>统一过程适合于大、中型项目的开发，可以分为4个顺序的阶段，分别是初始阶段、细化阶段、构建阶段和移交阶段。构建阶段会产生设计模型。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932288419811329"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932288403034113","questionId":"794932286528180225","content":"分析阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932288419811329","questionId":"794932286528180225","content":"细化阶段","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932288436588545","questionId":"794932286528180225","content":"设计阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932288453365761","questionId":"794932286528180225","content":"交付阶段","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932233398931457","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p>（28）可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用于数据库概念设计。在某学生选课系统中使用该工具来描述，学生的学号属于（29）。","analyze":"实体联系图（ER）图可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用干数据库概念设计。在实体联系图中，有实体、联系和属性三个基本成分。在某学生选课系统中，学生属于实体，而学生的学号则属于该实体的属性。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932235303145473"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932235303145473","questionId":"794932233398931457","content":"实体关系图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932235324116993","questionId":"794932233398931457","content":"数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932235349282817","questionId":"794932233398931457","content":"IPO图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932235370254337","questionId":"794932233398931457","content":"判定表","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932227782758401","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p>（26）是一种最常用的结构化分析工具，它从数据传递和加工的角度，以图形的方式刻画系统内数据的运行情况。通常使用（27）作为该工具的补充说明。","analyze":"<p>数据流图是一种最常用的结构化分析工具，它从数据传递和加工的角度，以图形的方式刻画系统内数据的运行情况。数据流图是一种能全面描述信息系统逻辑模型的主要工具，它可以用少数集中符号综合地反映出信息在系统中的流动、处理和存储的情况。</p><p>通常使用数据字典对数据流图加以补充说明。数据字典是以特定格式记录下来的、对系统的数据流图中各个基本要素的内容和特征所做的完整的定义和说明。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932229624057857"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932229624057857","questionId":"794932227782758401","content":"数据流图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932229640835073","questionId":"794932227782758401","content":"数据字典","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932229653417985","questionId":"794932227782758401","content":"ER图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932229666000897","questionId":"794932227782758401","content":"判定表","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932439796436993","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。在基本构造块中，（45）把事物紧密联系在一起；规则是构造块如何放在一起的规定，其中（46）给一个名字以特定含义的语境；公共机制中，属于UML公共分类的是（47） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。UML的三种基本构造块分别是事物、关系和图。事物是UML的重要组成部分，关系把事物紧密联系在一起，图是多个相互关联的事物的集合。</p><p>规则规定了构造块如何放在一起，包括命名（构造块命名）、范围（给一个名字以特定含义的语境）、可见性（怎样使用或看见名字）、完整性（事物如何正确、一致地相互联系）、执行（运行或模拟动态模型的含义是什么）。</p><p>公共机制是指达到特定目标的公共UML方法，主要的公共机制有以下4种：</p><p>（1）规格说明（详细说明）：事物语义的细节描述，是模型真正的核心。</p><p>（2）修饰：描述建模元素的细节信息。</p><p>（3）公共分类：UML有两组公共分类，分别是类与对象、接口与实现。</p><p>（4）扩展机制：包括约束（扩展了UML 构造块的语义，允许增加新的规则或修改现有的规则）、构造型（扩展UML的词汇，用于定义新的构造块）、标记值（扩展了UML 构造块的特性，允许创建新的特殊信息来扩展事物的规格说明）。</p><p>参考答案：（45）D；（46）B；（47）C</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932441759371265"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932441713233921","questionId":"794932439796436993","content":"用例描述","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932441730011137","questionId":"794932439796436993","content":"活动<br/>","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932441746788353","questionId":"794932439796436993","content":"图<br/>","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932441759371265","questionId":"794932439796436993","content":"关系<br/>","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932261844701185","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p>软件需求开发的最终文档，通过评审后定义了开发工作的（42），它在客户和开发者之间构筑了产品功能需求和非功能需求的一个（43），是需求开发和需求管理之间的桥梁。","analyze":"<p>软件需求开发的最终文档经过评审批准后，则定义了开发工作的需求基线（baseline）。</p><p>这个基线在用户和开发人员之间就构筑了计划产品功能需求和非功能需求的一个约定，它是需求开发和需求管理之间的桥梁。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932263757303809"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932263757303809","questionId":"794932261844701185","content":"需求基线","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932263774081025","questionId":"794932261844701185","content":"需求标准","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932263786663937","questionId":"794932261844701185","content":"需求用例","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932263807635457","questionId":"794932261844701185","content":"需求分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932335211466753","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>（）目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。（）能找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。（）从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程。</p>","analyze":"<p>业务流程分析的目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。价值链分析法能</p><p>找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。供应链分析从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程，分析哪些流程处于供应链的核心环节。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932337115680769"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932337082126337","questionId":"794932335211466753","content":"业务流程重组","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932337115680769","questionId":"794932335211466753","content":"业务流程分析","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932337149235201","questionId":"794932335211466753","content":"价值链分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932337174401025","questionId":"794932335211466753","content":"供应链分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932425405779969","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理，（）不属于需求开发的主要内容。需求获取是确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程，需求获取是否科学、准备充分，对获取的结果影响很大。在多种需求获取方式中，（）方法可以在短时间内，以低廉的代价从大量的回答中收集数据。（）方法以统计学原理，样本拟合总体的特征。成本降低。（）方法针对较为复杂的流程和操作更有效。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg\" alt=\"1111.jpg\" width=\"407\" height=\"257\"/></p><p>用户访谈：用户访谈是最基本的一种需求获取手段，其形式包括结构化和非结构化两种。用户访谈是通过1对1（或1对2，1对3）的形式与用户面对面进行沟通，以获取用户需求。用户访谈具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围。但是，也存在着许多困难。例如，用户经常较忙，难以安排时间；面谈时信息量大，记录较为困难；沟通需要很多技巧，同时需要系统分析师具有足够的领域知识等。另外，在访谈时，还可能会遇到一些对于企业来说比较机密和敏感的话题。因此，这看似简单的技术，也需要系统分析师具有丰富的经验和较强的沟通能力。</p><p>采样是指从种群中系统地选出有代表性的样本集的过程，通过认真研究所选出的样本集，可以从整体上揭示种群的有用信息。对于信息系统的开发而言，现有系统的文档（文件）就是采样种群。当开始对一个系统做需求分析时，查看现有系统的文档是对系统有初步了解的最好方法。但是，系统分析师应该查看哪些类型的文档，当文档的数据庞大，无法一一研究时，就需要使用采样技术选出有代表性的数据。</p><p>采样技术不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者采集观察用户。在对人员进行采样时，上面介绍的采样技术同样适用。通过采样技术，选择部分而不是选择种群的全部，不仅加快了数据收集的过程，而且提高了效率，从而降低了开发成本。另外，采样技术使用了数理统计原理，能减少数据收集的偏差。但是，由于采样技术基于统计学原理，样本规模的确定依赖于期望的可信度和已有的先验知识，很大程度上取决于系统分析师的主观因素，对系统分析师个人的经验和能力依赖性很强，要求系统分析师具有较高的水平和丰富的经验。</p><p>联合需求计划：为了提高需求获取的效率，越来越多的企业倾向于使用小组工作会议来代替大量独立的访谈。联合需求计划（Joint Requirement Planning，JRP）是一个通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题并获取需求的过程，它是联合应用开发（Joint Application Development，JAD）的一部分。</p><p>现场观摩：针对较为复杂的流程和操作。（过程类）</p><p>收集资料：与系统相关的、对系统有益的信息收集起来。</p><p>参加业务实践：有效地发现问题本质和寻找解决问题的办法。</p><p>阅读历时文档（文件）：对收集数据类信息较为有用。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932427330965505"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932427280633857","questionId":"794932425405779969","content":"需求获取","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932427297411073","questionId":"794932425405779969","content":"需求分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932427314188289","questionId":"794932425405779969","content":"需求定义","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932427330965505","questionId":"794932425405779969","content":"需求跟踪","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932292295348225","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>某电商系统在采用面向对象方法进行设计时，识别出网店、商品、购物车、订单、买家、库存、支付(微信、支付宝)等类。其中，购物车与商品之间适合采用( ) 关系，网店与商品之间适合采用( ) 关系。</p>","analyze":"<p>购物车与商品是整体与部分的关系，购物车包含了商品，但是商品可以脱离购物车独立存在，这是一种聚合关系。网店与商品之间是一种整体与部分的关系，商品是网店的一部分，如果网店不存在了，那么网店中的商品也不存在，它们之间是组合关系。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932294191173633"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932294140841985","questionId":"794932292295348225","content":"泛化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932294157619201","questionId":"794932292295348225","content":"依赖","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932294174396417","questionId":"794932292295348225","content":"组合","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932294191173633","questionId":"794932292295348225","content":"聚合","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932216445554689","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>在一个客户信息系统中存在两种类型的客户：个人客户和集团客户。对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识和基本信息(包括姓名、住宅电话和email)；对于集团客户，系统中保存了其客户标识，以及与该集团客户相关的若干个联系人的信息(联系人的信息包括姓名、住宅电话、email、办公电话和职位)。</p><p>根据上述描述，得到了下图所示的UML类图，其中类“客户”的属性有（20）；类“人”的属性有（21）。</p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/d6ae96fa3a97c6cd50f4ed78263ee4da.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"d6ae96fa3a97c6cd50f4ed78263ee4da.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/>","analyze":"<p>由试题关健信息可知，“对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识……对于集团客户，系统中保存了其客户标识……”由此，“客户标识”是个人客户和集团客户的共同属性，因此该标识也必然是类“客户”的一个属性。据此可先排除试题(20)的选项B和选项C。对于试题(20)选项D的“办公电话、职位”是类“集团客户”的属性，如果它们也是类“客户”的属性，那么类“个人客户”也必然继承这两个属性，而试题中对于类“个人客户”无此相关描述，可见选项D不是正确答案。因此依据试题的描述，类“客户”的属性只有“客户标识”。</p><p>试题（21）类“人”是类“联系人”的基类；类“人”与类“个人客户”之间具有关联关系。由试题关健信息“对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识和基本信息(包括姓名、住宅电话和E-mail)”，以及试题(20)分析中类“个人客户”继承了类“客户”的“客户标识”属性，可见类“个人客户”还有“姓名、住宅电话和E-mail”属性没有体现，这些属性应该从类“人”中进行关联。</p><p>从试题关健信息“联系人的信息包括姓名、住宅电话、E-mail、办公电话和职位”可知，类“联系人”除了从类“人”中继承了“姓名、住宅电话、E-mail”属性之外，还追加了“办公电话、职位”属性。这一点分析也证明了类“人”具有“姓名、住宅电话、E-mail”的属性。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932218295242753"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932218295242753","questionId":"794932216445554689","content":"客户标识","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932218312019969","questionId":"794932216445554689","content":"姓名、住宅电话、email","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932218328797185","questionId":"794932216445554689","content":"姓名、住宅电户、办公电话、email、职位","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932218341380097","questionId":"794932216445554689","content":"客户标识、办公电话、职位","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932392891535361","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML 2.0所包含的图中， （45） 强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织； （46） 描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构； （47） 描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","analyze":"<p>通信图：强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织。</p><p>构件图：描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构。构件图用于表示系统的静态设计实现视图。</p><p>制品图：描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932394753806337"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932394737029121","questionId":"794932392891535361","content":"用例图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932394753806337","questionId":"794932392891535361","content":"通信图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932394770583553","questionId":"794932392891535361","content":"状态图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932394783166465","questionId":"794932392891535361","content":"活动图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932401515024385","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">1</span>空。</strong></p><p>在线学习系统中，在线做题需要先检查学员的权限，“在线做题”与“检查权限”两个用例之间属于 （48） ；学员与“在线做题”用例之间属于 （49） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>用例之间的关系主要有包含、扩展和泛化三类。</p><p>（1）包含关系：多个用例中提取的公共功能。课程学习和课程考试都需要先检查学员的权限，所以“在线做题”与“检查权限”两个用例之间属于包含关系。</p><p>（2）扩展关系：相同用例在不同场景下所使用的不同功能。</p><p>（3）泛化关系：一般事物与该事物中特殊种类之间的关系。泛化关系是继承关系的反面，子类继承父类，父类是子类的泛化。</p><p>而参与者与用例之间属于关联关系。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"A","chooseItem":["794932403360518145"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932403360518145","questionId":"794932401515024385","content":"包含关系","answer":1,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932403373101057","questionId":"794932401515024385","content":"扩展关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932403389878273","questionId":"794932401515024385","content":"泛化关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932403406655489","questionId":"794932401515024385","content":"关联关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932236280418305","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p>（28）可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用于数据库概念设计。在某学生选课系统中使用该工具来描述，学生的学号属于（29）。","analyze":"实体联系图（ER）图可用于描述数据流图中数据存储及其之间的关系，最初用干数据库概念设计。在实体联系图中，有实体、联系和属性三个基本成分。在某学生选课系统中，学生属于实体，而学生的学号则属于该实体的属性。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932238163660801"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932238125912065","questionId":"794932236280418305","content":"实体","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932238142689281","questionId":"794932236280418305","content":"关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932238163660801","questionId":"794932236280418305","content":"属性","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932238180438017","questionId":"794932236280418305","content":"方法","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932219251544065","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>在一个客户信息系统中存在两种类型的客户：个人客户和集团客户。对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识和基本信息(包括姓名、住宅电话和email)；对于集团客户，系统中保存了其客户标识，以及与该集团客户相关的若干个联系人的信息(联系人的信息包括姓名、住宅电话、email、办公电话和职位)。</p><p>根据上述描述，得到了下图所示的UML类图，其中类“客户”的属性有（20）；类“人”的属性有（21）。</p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/d6ae96fa3a97c6cd50f4ed78263ee4da.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"d6ae96fa3a97c6cd50f4ed78263ee4da.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/>","analyze":"<p>由试题关健信息可知，“对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识……对于集团客户，系统中保存了其客户标识……”由此，“客户标识”是个人客户和集团客户的共同属性，因此该标识也必然是类“客户”的一个属性。据此可先排除试题(20)的选项B和选项C。对于试题(20)选项D的“办公电话、职位”是类“集团客户”的属性，如果它们也是类“客户”的属性，那么类“个人客户”也必然继承这两个属性，而试题中对于类“个人客户”无此相关描述，可见选项D不是正确答案。因此依据试题的描述，类“客户”的属性只有“客户标识”。</p><p>试题（21）类“人”是类“联系人”的基类；类“人”与类“个人客户”之间具有关联关系。由试题关健信息“对于个人客户，系统中保存了其客户标识和基本信息(包括姓名、住宅电话和E-mail)”，以及试题(20)分析中类“个人客户”继承了类“客户”的“客户标识”属性，可见类“个人客户”还有“姓名、住宅电话和E-mail”属性没有体现，这些属性应该从类“人”中进行关联。</p><p>从试题关健信息“联系人的信息包括姓名、住宅电话、E-mail、办公电话和职位”可知，类“联系人”除了从类“人”中继承了“姓名、住宅电话、E-mail”属性之外，还追加了“办公电话、职位”属性。这一点分析也证明了类“人”具有“姓名、住宅电话、E-mail”的属性。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932221134786561"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932221122203649","questionId":"794932219251544065","content":"客户标识","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932221134786561","questionId":"794932219251544065","content":"姓名、住宅电话、email","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932221147369473","questionId":"794932219251544065","content":"姓名、住宅电户、办公电话、email、职位","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932221164146689","questionId":"794932219251544065","content":"客户标识、办公电话、职位","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932395747856385","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML 2.0所包含的图中， （45） 强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织； （46） 描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构； （47） 描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","analyze":"<p>通信图：强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织。</p><p>构件图：描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构。构件图用于表示系统的静态设计实现视图。</p><p>制品图：描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932397643681793"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932397601738753","questionId":"794932395747856385","content":"类图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932397618515969","questionId":"794932395747856385","content":"包图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932397631098881","questionId":"794932395747856385","content":"对象图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932397643681793","questionId":"794932395747856385","content":"构件图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932404337790977","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>在线学习系统中，在线做题需要先检查学员的权限，“在线做题”与“检查权限”两个用例之间属于 （48） ；学员与“在线做题”用例之间属于 （49） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>用例之间的关系主要有包含、扩展和泛化三类。</p><p>（1）包含关系：多个用例中提取的公共功能。课程学习和课程考试都需要先检查学员的权限，所以“在线做题”与“检查权限”两个用例之间属于包含关系。</p><p>（2）扩展关系：相同用例在不同场景下所使用的不同功能。</p><p>（3）泛化关系：一般事物与该事物中特殊种类之间的关系。泛化关系是继承关系的反面，子类继承父类，父类是子类的泛化。</p><p>而参与者与用例之间属于关联关系。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932406267170817"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932406216839169","questionId":"794932404337790977","content":"扩展关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932406233616385","questionId":"794932404337790977","content":"包含关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932406250393601","questionId":"794932404337790977","content":"泛化关系","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932406267170817","questionId":"794932404337790977","content":"关联关系","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932264717799425","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p>软件需求开发的最终文档，通过评审后定义了开发工作的（42），它在客户和开发者之间构筑了产品功能需求和非功能需求的一个（43），是需求开发和需求管理之间的桥梁。","analyze":"<p>软件需求开发的最终文档经过评审批准后，则定义了开发工作的需求基线（baseline）。</p><p>这个基线在用户和开发人员之间就构筑了计划产品功能需求和非功能需求的一个约定，它是需求开发和需求管理之间的桥梁。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932266588459009"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932266563293185","questionId":"794932264717799425","content":"需求用例","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932266575876097","questionId":"794932264717799425","content":"需求管理标准","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932266588459009","questionId":"794932264717799425","content":"需求约定","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932266601041921","questionId":"794932264717799425","content":"需求变更","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932230576164865","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p>（26）是一种最常用的结构化分析工具，它从数据传递和加工的角度，以图形的方式刻画系统内数据的运行情况。通常使用（27）作为该工具的补充说明。","analyze":"<p>数据流图是一种最常用的结构化分析工具，它从数据传递和加工的角度，以图形的方式刻画系统内数据的运行情况。数据流图是一种能全面描述信息系统逻辑模型的主要工具，它可以用少数集中符号综合地反映出信息在系统中的流动、处理和存储的情况。</p><p>通常使用数据字典对数据流图加以补充说明。数据字典是以特定格式记录下来的、对系统的数据流图中各个基本要素的内容和特征所做的完整的定义和说明。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932232459407361"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932232446824449","questionId":"794932230576164865","content":"数据流图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932232459407361","questionId":"794932230576164865","content":"数据字典","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932232471990273","questionId":"794932230576164865","content":"判定表","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932232484573185","questionId":"794932230576164865","content":"ER图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932428245323777","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理，（）不属于需求开发的主要内容。需求获取是确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程，需求获取是否科学、准备充分，对获取的结果影响很大。在多种需求获取方式中，（）方法可以在短时间内，以低廉的代价从大量的回答中收集数据。（）方法以统计学原理，样本拟合总体的特征。成本降低。（）方法针对较为复杂的流程和操作更有效。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg\" alt=\"1111.jpg\" width=\"407\" height=\"257\"/></p><p>用户访谈：用户访谈是最基本的一种需求获取手段，其形式包括结构化和非结构化两种。用户访谈是通过1对1（或1对2，1对3）的形式与用户面对面进行沟通，以获取用户需求。用户访谈具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围。但是，也存在着许多困难。例如，用户经常较忙，难以安排时间；面谈时信息量大，记录较为困难；沟通需要很多技巧，同时需要系统分析师具有足够的领域知识等。另外，在访谈时，还可能会遇到一些对于企业来说比较机密和敏感的话题。因此，这看似简单的技术，也需要系统分析师具有丰富的经验和较强的沟通能力。</p><p>采样是指从种群中系统地选出有代表性的样本集的过程，通过认真研究所选出的样本集，可以从整体上揭示种群的有用信息。对于信息系统的开发而言，现有系统的文档（文件）就是采样种群。当开始对一个系统做需求分析时，查看现有系统的文档是对系统有初步了解的最好方法。但是，系统分析师应该查看哪些类型的文档，当文档的数据庞大，无法一一研究时，就需要使用采样技术选出有代表性的数据。</p><p>采样技术不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者采集观察用户。在对人员进行采样时，上面介绍的采样技术同样适用。通过采样技术，选择部分而不是选择种群的全部，不仅加快了数据收集的过程，而且提高了效率，从而降低了开发成本。另外，采样技术使用了数理统计原理，能减少数据收集的偏差。但是，由于采样技术基于统计学原理，样本规模的确定依赖于期望的可信度和已有的先验知识，很大程度上取决于系统分析师的主观因素，对系统分析师个人的经验和能力依赖性很强，要求系统分析师具有较高的水平和丰富的经验。</p><p>联合需求计划：为了提高需求获取的效率，越来越多的企业倾向于使用小组工作会议来代替大量独立的访谈。联合需求计划（Joint Requirement Planning，JRP）是一个通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题并获取需求的过程，它是联合应用开发（Joint Application Development，JAD）的一部分。</p><p>现场观摩：针对较为复杂的流程和操作。（过程类）</p><p>收集资料：与系统相关的、对系统有益的信息收集起来。</p><p>参加业务实践：有效地发现问题本质和寻找解决问题的办法。</p><p>阅读历时文档（文件）：对收集数据类信息较为有用。</p><p><br/></p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932430132760577"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932430115983361","questionId":"794932428245323777","content":"用户访谈","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932430132760577","questionId":"794932428245323777","content":"问卷调查","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932430149537793","questionId":"794932428245323777","content":"联合需求计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932430166315009","questionId":"794932428245323777","content":"采样","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932196623273985","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>下图属于UML中的（1），其中，AccountManagement需要（2）。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/b36a82f24fae9761389ff046c441aa2c.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"b36a82f24fae9761389ff046c441aa2c.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p>","analyze":"UML语言是标准的建模语言，通过图形化的方式展现系统的模型。本题是UML中的组件图，其表示的含义是组件AccountManagement需要调用CreditCardServices组件和 Logger组件分别实现的Identity Verifier接口和TransactionLogger接口。","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932198477156353"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932198464573441","questionId":"794932196623273985","content":"实现IdentityVerifier接口并被CreditCardServices调用","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932198477156353","questionId":"794932196623273985","content":"调用CreditCardServices实现的IdentityVerifier接口","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932198489739265","questionId":"794932196623273985","content":"实现IdentityVerifier接口并被Logger调用","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932198502322177","questionId":"794932196623273985","content":"调用Logger实现的IdentityVerifier接口","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932289418055681","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>统一软件开发过程是一种基于面向对象技术的软件开发过程，其特点是“用例驱动，以架构为核心，迭代并增量”。统一软件开发过程定义了4种通用的开发阶段，它们按照过程顺序分别是：起始阶段、（）、构建阶段和（），其中在构建阶段主要产生的文档有（）。</p>","analyze":"<p>统一过程适合于大、中型项目的开发，可以分为4个顺序的阶段，分别是初始阶段、细化阶段、构建阶段和移交阶段。构建阶段会产生设计模型。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932291380989953"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932291318075393","questionId":"794932289418055681","content":"初始用户手册","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932291339046913","questionId":"794932289418055681","content":"用例模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932291360018433","questionId":"794932289418055681","content":"项目计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932291380989953","questionId":"794932289418055681","content":"设计模型","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932295105531905","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>某电商系统在采用面向对象方法进行设计时，识别出网店、商品、购物车、订单、买家、库存、支付(微信、支付宝)等类。其中，购物车与商品之间适合采用( ) 关系，网店与商品之间适合采用( ) 关系。</p>","analyze":"<p>购物车与商品是整体与部分的关系，购物车包含了商品，但是商品可以脱离购物车独立存在，这是一种聚合关系。网店与商品之间是一种整体与部分的关系，商品是网店的一部分，如果网店不存在了，那么网店中的商品也不存在，它们之间是组合关系。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932297034911745"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932297001357313","questionId":"794932295105531905","content":"泛化","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932297018134529","questionId":"794932295105531905","content":"依赖","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932297034911745","questionId":"794932295105531905","content":"组合","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932297051688961","questionId":"794932295105531905","content":"聚合","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932338092953601","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>（）目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。（）能找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。（）从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程。</p>","analyze":"<p>业务流程分析的目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。价值链分析法能</p><p>找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。供应链分析从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程，分析哪些流程处于供应链的核心环节。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932339967807489"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932339942641665","questionId":"794932338092953601","content":"业务流程重组","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932339955224577","questionId":"794932338092953601","content":"业务流程分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932339967807489","questionId":"794932338092953601","content":"价值链分析","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932339984584705","questionId":"794932338092953601","content":"供应链分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932442669535233","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">2</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。在基本构造块中，（45）把事物紧密联系在一起；规则是构造块如何放在一起的规定，其中（46）给一个名字以特定含义的语境；公共机制中，属于UML公共分类的是（47） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。UML的三种基本构造块分别是事物、关系和图。事物是UML的重要组成部分，关系把事物紧密联系在一起，图是多个相互关联的事物的集合。</p><p>规则规定了构造块如何放在一起，包括命名（构造块命名）、范围（给一个名字以特定含义的语境）、可见性（怎样使用或看见名字）、完整性（事物如何正确、一致地相互联系）、执行（运行或模拟动态模型的含义是什么）。</p><p>公共机制是指达到特定目标的公共UML方法，主要的公共机制有以下4种：</p><p>（1）规格说明（详细说明）：事物语义的细节描述，是模型真正的核心。</p><p>（2）修饰：描述建模元素的细节信息。</p><p>（3）公共分类：UML有两组公共分类，分别是类与对象、接口与实现。</p><p>（4）扩展机制：包括约束（扩展了UML 构造块的语义，允许增加新的规则或修改现有的规则）、构造型（扩展UML的词汇，用于定义新的构造块）、标记值（扩展了UML 构造块的特性，允许创建新的特殊信息来扩展事物的规格说明）。</p><p>参考答案：（45）D；（46）B；（47）C</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932444661829633"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932444636663809","questionId":"794932442669535233","content":"命名","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932444661829633","questionId":"794932442669535233","content":"范围","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932444682801153","questionId":"794932442669535233","content":"可见性","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932444712161281","questionId":"794932442669535233","content":"完整性","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932398683869185","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML 2.0所包含的图中， （45） 强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织； （46） 描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构； （47） 描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","analyze":"<p>通信图：强调收发消息的对象或参与者的结构组织。</p><p>构件图：描述一个封装的类和它的接口、端口，以及由内嵌的构件和连接件构成的内部结构。构件图用于表示系统的静态设计实现视图。</p><p>制品图：描述计算机中一个系统的物理结构。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932400554528769"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932400537751553","questionId":"794932398683869185","content":"组合结构图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932400554528769","questionId":"794932398683869185","content":"制品图","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932400571305985","questionId":"794932398683869185","content":"部署图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932400583888897","questionId":"794932398683869185","content":"交互图","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932431101644801","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>空。</strong></p><p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理，（）不属于需求开发的主要内容。需求获取是确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程，需求获取是否科学、准备充分，对获取的结果影响很大。在多种需求获取方式中，（）方法可以在短时间内，以低廉的代价从大量的回答中收集数据。（）方法以统计学原理，样本拟合总体的特征。成本降低。（）方法针对较为复杂的流程和操作更有效。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg\" alt=\"1111.jpg\" width=\"407\" height=\"257\"/></p><p>用户访谈：用户访谈是最基本的一种需求获取手段，其形式包括结构化和非结构化两种。用户访谈是通过1对1（或1对2，1对3）的形式与用户面对面进行沟通，以获取用户需求。用户访谈具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围。但是，也存在着许多困难。例如，用户经常较忙，难以安排时间；面谈时信息量大，记录较为困难；沟通需要很多技巧，同时需要系统分析师具有足够的领域知识等。另外，在访谈时，还可能会遇到一些对于企业来说比较机密和敏感的话题。因此，这看似简单的技术，也需要系统分析师具有丰富的经验和较强的沟通能力。</p><p>采样是指从种群中系统地选出有代表性的样本集的过程，通过认真研究所选出的样本集，可以从整体上揭示种群的有用信息。对于信息系统的开发而言，现有系统的文档（文件）就是采样种群。当开始对一个系统做需求分析时，查看现有系统的文档是对系统有初步了解的最好方法。但是，系统分析师应该查看哪些类型的文档，当文档的数据庞大，无法一一研究时，就需要使用采样技术选出有代表性的数据。</p><p>采样技术不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者采集观察用户。在对人员进行采样时，上面介绍的采样技术同样适用。通过采样技术，选择部分而不是选择种群的全部，不仅加快了数据收集的过程，而且提高了效率，从而降低了开发成本。另外，采样技术使用了数理统计原理，能减少数据收集的偏差。但是，由于采样技术基于统计学原理，样本规模的确定依赖于期望的可信度和已有的先验知识，很大程度上取决于系统分析师的主观因素，对系统分析师个人的经验和能力依赖性很强，要求系统分析师具有较高的水平和丰富的经验。</p><p>联合需求计划：为了提高需求获取的效率，越来越多的企业倾向于使用小组工作会议来代替大量独立的访谈。联合需求计划（Joint Requirement Planning，JRP）是一个通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题并获取需求的过程，它是联合应用开发（Joint Application Development，JAD）的一部分。</p><p>现场观摩：针对较为复杂的流程和操作。（过程类）</p><p>收集资料：与系统相关的、对系统有益的信息收集起来。</p><p>参加业务实践：有效地发现问题本质和寻找解决问题的办法。</p><p>阅读历时文档（文件）：对收集数据类信息较为有用。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932433068773377"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932432997470209","questionId":"794932431101644801","content":"问卷调查","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932433031024641","questionId":"794932431101644801","content":"用户访谈","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932433047801857","questionId":"794932431101644801","content":"联合需求计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932433068773377","questionId":"794932431101644801","content":"采样","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932340945080321","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>空。</strong></p><p>（）目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。（）能找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。（）从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程。</p>","analyze":"<p>业务流程分析的目的是了解各个业务流程的过程，明确各个部门之间的业务关系和每个业务处理的意义，为业务流程的合理化改造提供建议，为系统的数据流程变化提供依据。价值链分析法能</p><p>找出或设计出那些能够使顾客满意，实现顾客价值最大化的业务流程。供应链分析从企业内部供应链和外部供应链两个角度来分析企业的业务流程，分析哪些流程处于供应链的核心环节。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932342866071553"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932342819934209","questionId":"794932340945080321","content":"业务流程重组","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932342832517121","questionId":"794932340945080321","content":"业务流程分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932342849294337","questionId":"794932340945080321","content":"价值链分析","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932342866071553","questionId":"794932340945080321","content":"供应链分析","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932199412486145","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>空。</strong></p><p>统一软件开发过程是一种基于面向对象技术的软件开发过程，其特点是“用例驱动，以架构为核心，迭代并增量”。统一软件开发过程定义了4种通用的开发阶段，它们按照过程顺序分别是：起始阶段、（1）、构建阶段和（2），其中在构建阶段主要产生的文档有（3）。</p>","analyze":"<p>统一过程适合于大、中型项目的开发，可以分为4个顺序的阶段，分别是初始阶段、细化阶段、构建阶段和移交阶段。</p><p>初始阶段的任务是为系统建立业务模型并确定项目的边界。在初始阶段，必须识别所有与系统交互的外部实体，定义系统与外部实体交互的特性。在这个阶段中所关注的是整个项目的业务和需求方面的主要风险。对于建立在原有系统基础上的开发项目来说，初始阶段可能很短。</p><p>细化阶段的任务是分析问题领域，建立健全的架构基础，淘汰项目中最高风险的元素。在细化阶段，必须在理解整个系统的基础上，对架构做出决策，包括其范围、主要功能和诸如性能等非功能需求，同时为项目建立支持环境。</p><p>在构建阶段，要开发所有剩余的构件和应用程序功能，把这些构件集成为产品，并进行详细测试。从某种意义上说，构建阶段是一个制造过程，其重点放在管理资源及控制操作，以优化成本、进度和质量。构建阶段的主要任务是通过优化资源和避免不必要的报废和返工，使开发成本降到最低；完成所有所需功能的分析、开发和测试，快速完成可用的版本；确定软件、场地和用户是否已经为部署软件做好准备。在构建阶段，开发团队的工作可以实现某种程度的并行。即使是较小的项目，也通常包括可以相互独立开发的构件，从而使各团队之间实现并行开发。</p><p>当基线已经足够完善，可以安装到最终用户实际环境中时，则进入交付阶段。交付阶段的重点是确保软件对最终用户是可用的。交付阶段的主要任务是进行β测试，制作产品发布版本；对最终用户支持文档定稿；按用户的需求确认新系统；培训用户和维护人员；获得用户对当前版本的反馈，基于反馈调整产品，如进行调试、性能或可用性的增强等。根据产品的种类，交付阶段可能非常简单，也可能非常复杂。例如，发布现有桌面产品的新发布版本可能十分简单，而替换一个国家的航空交通管制系统可能就非常复杂。交付阶段结束时也要进行技术评审，评审目标是否实现，是否应该开始演化过程，用户对交付的产品是否满意等。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"D","chooseItem":["794932201392197633"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932201312505857","questionId":"794932199412486145","content":"初始用户手册","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932201341865985","questionId":"794932199412486145","content":"用例模型","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932201367031809","questionId":"794932199412486145","content":"项目计划","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932201392197633","questionId":"794932199412486145","content":"设计模型","answer":1,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932445655879681","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">3</span>空。</strong></p><p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。在基本构造块中，（45）把事物紧密联系在一起；规则是构造块如何放在一起的规定，其中（46）给一个名字以特定含义的语境；公共机制中，属于UML公共分类的是（47） 。</p>","analyze":"<p>UML的结构包括构造块、规则和公共机制三个部分。UML的三种基本构造块分别是事物、关系和图。事物是UML的重要组成部分，关系把事物紧密联系在一起，图是多个相互关联的事物的集合。</p><p>规则规定了构造块如何放在一起，包括命名（构造块命名）、范围（给一个名字以特定含义的语境）、可见性（怎样使用或看见名字）、完整性（事物如何正确、一致地相互联系）、执行（运行或模拟动态模型的含义是什么）。</p><p>公共机制是指达到特定目标的公共UML方法，主要的公共机制有以下4种：</p><p>（1）规格说明（详细说明）：事物语义的细节描述，是模型真正的核心。</p><p>（2）修饰：描述建模元素的细节信息。</p><p>（3）公共分类：UML有两组公共分类，分别是类与对象、接口与实现。</p><p>（4）扩展机制：包括约束（扩展了UML 构造块的语义，允许增加新的规则或修改现有的规则）、构造型（扩展UML的词汇，用于定义新的构造块）、标记值（扩展了UML 构造块的特性，允许创建新的特殊信息来扩展事物的规格说明）。</p><p>参考答案：（45）D；（46）B；（47）C</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"C","chooseItem":["794932447677534209"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932447610425345","questionId":"794932445655879681","content":"细节描述","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932447643979777","questionId":"794932445655879681","content":"事物标识","answer":0,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932447677534209","questionId":"794932445655879681","content":"类与对象","answer":1,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932447711088641","questionId":"794932445655879681","content":"约束","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932433999908865","title":"<p><strong>请作答第<span style=\"color: red\">4</span>空。</strong></p><p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理，（）不属于需求开发的主要内容。需求获取是确定和理解不同的项目干系人的需求和约束的过程，需求获取是否科学、准备充分，对获取的结果影响很大。在多种需求获取方式中，（）方法可以在短时间内，以低廉的代价从大量的回答中收集数据。（）方法以统计学原理，样本拟合总体的特征。成本降低。（）方法针对较为复杂的流程和操作更有效。</p>","analyze":"<p>需求工程包括需求开发和需求管理。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"c9896b3dc49f590a851bf444f96913ac.jpg\" alt=\"1111.jpg\" width=\"407\" height=\"257\"/></p><p>用户访谈：用户访谈是最基本的一种需求获取手段，其形式包括结构化和非结构化两种。用户访谈是通过1对1（或1对2，1对3）的形式与用户面对面进行沟通，以获取用户需求。用户访谈具有良好的灵活性，有较宽广的应用范围。但是，也存在着许多困难。例如，用户经常较忙，难以安排时间；面谈时信息量大，记录较为困难；沟通需要很多技巧，同时需要系统分析师具有足够的领域知识等。另外，在访谈时，还可能会遇到一些对于企业来说比较机密和敏感的话题。因此，这看似简单的技术，也需要系统分析师具有丰富的经验和较强的沟通能力。</p><p>采样是指从种群中系统地选出有代表性的样本集的过程，通过认真研究所选出的样本集，可以从整体上揭示种群的有用信息。对于信息系统的开发而言，现有系统的文档（文件）就是采样种群。当开始对一个系统做需求分析时，查看现有系统的文档是对系统有初步了解的最好方法。但是，系统分析师应该查看哪些类型的文档，当文档的数据庞大，无法一一研究时，就需要使用采样技术选出有代表性的数据。</p><p>采样技术不仅可以用于收集数据，还可以用于采集访谈用户或者采集观察用户。在对人员进行采样时，上面介绍的采样技术同样适用。通过采样技术，选择部分而不是选择种群的全部，不仅加快了数据收集的过程，而且提高了效率，从而降低了开发成本。另外，采样技术使用了数理统计原理，能减少数据收集的偏差。但是，由于采样技术基于统计学原理，样本规模的确定依赖于期望的可信度和已有的先验知识，很大程度上取决于系统分析师的主观因素，对系统分析师个人的经验和能力依赖性很强，要求系统分析师具有较高的水平和丰富的经验。</p><p>联合需求计划：为了提高需求获取的效率，越来越多的企业倾向于使用小组工作会议来代替大量独立的访谈。联合需求计划（Joint Requirement Planning，JRP）是一个通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题并获取需求的过程，它是联合应用开发（Joint Application Development，JAD）的一部分。</p><p>现场观摩：针对较为复杂的流程和操作。（过程类）</p><p>收集资料：与系统相关的、对系统有益的信息收集起来。</p><p>参加业务实践：有效地发现问题本质和寻找解决问题的办法。</p><p>阅读历时文档（文件）：对收集数据类信息较为有用。</p>","multi":0,"questionType":1,"answer":"B","chooseItem":["794932435899928577"],"itemList":[{"id":"794932435883151361","questionId":"794932433999908865","content":"用户访谈","answer":0,"chooseValue":"A"},{"id":"794932435899928577","questionId":"794932433999908865","content":"现场观摩","answer":1,"chooseValue":"B"},{"id":"794932435912511489","questionId":"794932433999908865","content":"阅读历史文档","answer":0,"chooseValue":"C"},{"id":"794932435929288705","questionId":"794932433999908865","content":"联合需求会议","answer":0,"chooseValue":"D"}],"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932463141933057","title":"<br><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">试题一（共</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">2</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">5<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">分）</span></span></strong><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">阅读以下关于需求建模的叙述，在答题纸上回答问题</span>1至问题3。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【说明】</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">某企业委托软件公司开发一套运动器材综合销售平台，以改进已有的销售管理系统，拓展现有的实体店销售模式，综合管理线上线下的器材销售业务。该软件公司组建项目组开发该系统，现正处于需求获取阶段。经过项目组讨论，由于目标系统业务功能比较复杂，所以在需求获取中针对不同类型的业务需求，采用不同的需求获取方法。项目组列出可选的需求获取方法包括：用户访谈、联合需求计划（</span>JRP）、问卷调查、文档分析和实地观察等。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求获取的要求如下：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）获取已有销售管理系统中所实现的实体店销售模式和过程；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）获取系统的改进需求和期望增加的业务功能；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）获取当前业务过程中的详细数据并深入了解这些数据产生的原因；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4）从企业管理人员、销售人员、各种文档资源等尽可能多的来源获取需求；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>5）消除需求中出现的冲突，尽可能获取全面、一致的需求；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>6）尽可能多地让用户参与需求获取过程。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><strong style=\"font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>1】</span></strong><br/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">联合需求计划（</span>JRP）是一种流行的需求获取方法。请说明什么是JRP，JRP与其它需求获取方法相比有什么优势？</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/dcea00b0bbec8ff7f645427482b1321a.png?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>2】 </span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">针对题目中所描述的需求获取要求（</span><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 21pt;\">1）~（6），选择最适合的需求获取方法填入表1-1中的（a）~（f）处。</span></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><strong style=\"font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>3】 </span></strong><br/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">由于该企业销售规模较大，所积累的企业业务文档数量庞大，所以只能通过抽样实现不同类型的文档分析。如果对于每种类型的文档要求</span>90%的可信度（可信度因子为1.645），那么不同类型的文档分别需要抽样多少份就能达到该要求？</span></p>","analyze":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>1】</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p><p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">答：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">联合需求计划</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(JRP)</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">是一个通过高度组织的群体会议来分析企业内的问题并获取需求的过程，它是由企业主管部门经理、会议主持人、用户、协调人员、</span>IT人员、秘书等共同组成的专题讨论组来分析、讨论问题并定义系统需求。</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">JRP和其他需求获取方法相比的优势：</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(1)</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">发挥用户和管理人员参与系统幵发过程的积极性，提高系统开发效率：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">2)降低了系统需求获取的时间成本，加速系统开发周期；</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">3)采用原型确认系统需求并获取设计审批，具有原型化开发方法的优点。</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #FF0000; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span><br/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>2】</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"> 答：</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>a）文档分析或实地观察</span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>b）用户访谈或联合需求计划</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"> （</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 51.75pt;\">c）用户访谈或联合需求计划（d）问卷调査或文档分析 </span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"> （</span>e）联合需求计划</span><span style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span><span style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>f）联合需求计划</span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>3】</span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span></strong><span style=\"text-indent: 51.75pt; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">答：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">样本数量</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">=</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">0.25</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">*</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">(可信度因子/</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">可接受误差</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\">)</span><sup><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:14.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;vertical-align:super;\">2</span></sup></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">所以，抽取的样本数量</span>=0.25</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">*</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">(1.645/0.1)</span><sup><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;vertical-align:super;\">2</span></sup><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">≈68份。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>见解析</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918058039726081","title":"<br><p>【说明】 某公司是一家以运动健身器材销售为主营业务的企业，为了扩展销售渠道，解决原销售系统存在的许多问题，公司委托某软件企业开发一套运动健身器材在线销售系统。目前，新系统开发处于问题分析阶段，所分析各项内容如下所述：</p><p>（a）用户需要用键盘输入复杂且存在重复的商品信息；</p><p>（b）订单信息页面自动获取商品信息并填充；</p><p>（c）商品订单需要远程访问库存数据并打印提货单；</p><p>（d）自动生成电子提货单并发送给仓库系统；</p><p>（e）商品编码应与原系统商品编码保持一致；</p><p>（f）商品订单处理速度太慢；</p><p>（g）订单处理的平均时间减少 30%；</p><p>（h）数据编辑服务器 CPU 性能较低；</p><p>（i）系统运维人员数量不能增加。</p><p>【问题 3】（8 分） 系统约束条件可以分为四类，请将类别名称填入表中（1）~（4）对应的位置。</p><p>表 1-2 约束条件分类</p><p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/8d8ca87ef15084d6c1346a7e7cf0f027.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"8d8ca87ef15084d6c1346a7e7cf0f027.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p>","analyze":"<p>无</p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>（1）进度</p><p>（2）成本</p><p>（3）功能</p><p>（4）质量</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918102851670017","title":"<br><p><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">试题一</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">论软件需求验证方法及其应用</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在软件开发过程中，如果后期或在交付之后发现了需求问题，则修补需求错误需要投入大量的人力物力。因此，开展软件需求验证，对软件需求规格说明书</span>(SRS)<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的正确性和质量进行验证，是需求分析的重要工作内容。需求验证也称为需求确认，主要内容包括：确定</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SRS</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">正确地描述了预期的、满足项目干系人需求的系统行为和特征；确定软件需求是从用户需求、业务规格和其他来源中正确推导而来的；确定需求的完整性、一致性和高质量。需求验证为后续的系统设计、实现和测试提供了足够的基础。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">请围绕</span>“软件需求验证方法及其应用”论题，依次从以下三个方面进行论述。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">1<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．概要叙述你参与管理和开发的软件项目以及你在其中所担任的主要工作。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">2<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．简要说明需求验证的主要方法及实施过程。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">3<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">．结合你具体参与管理和开发的实际项目，阐述所选择的验证方法及其原因，说明具体实施过程，并详细分析实施效果。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;\">需求验证方法主要包括：需求评审与需求测试。</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent:20.7000pt;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）需求评审：在软件开发的每个阶段结束前，都需要进行技术评审。所谓技术评审，是指对工作产品进行检查以发现产品中所存在的问题，其中的工作产品也称为工件，它不一定是最终的系统，也可以是一个文档、一个原型或一段代码等。例如，需求评审就是需求开发阶段结束前进行的技术评审，此时的产品就是</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SRS</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SRS</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">的评审是一项精益求精的技术，它可以发现那些二义性的或不确定性的需求，为项目干系人提供在需求问题上达成共识的方法。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）需求测试：实际上，需求开发阶段不可能有真正意义上的测试进行，因为还没有可执行的系统，需求测试仅仅是基于文本需求进行</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">“</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">概念</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">”</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">上的测试。然而，以功能需求为基础（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SA</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法）或者从用例派生出来（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">OO</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">方法）的测试用例，可以使项目干系人更清楚地了解系统的行为。虽然没有在系统上执行测试用例，但是涉及测试用例的简单动作可以解释需求的许多问题。这种测试用例通常称为概念测试用例，即不是真正执行的测试用例，它们可以发现</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SRS</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">中的错误、二义性和遗漏，还可以进行模型分析，以及作为用户验收测试的基础。在正式的系统测试中，还可以将它们细化成测试用例</span></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>见解析</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918059952328705","title":"<br><p>【说明】 某软件公司为共享单车租赁公司开发一套单车租赁服务系统，公司项目组对此待开发项目进 行了分析，具体描述如下：</p><p>1）用户（非注册用户）通过手机向租赁服务系统进行注册，成为可租赁共享单车的合法用户， 其中包括提供身份、手机号等信息，并支付约定押金；</p><p>2）将采购的共享单车注册到租赁服务系统后方可投入使用。即将单车的标识信息（车辆编号、 二维码等）录入到系统；</p><p>3）用户（注册或非注册用户）通过手机查询可获得单车的地理位置信息以便就近取用；</p><p>4）用户（注册用户）通过手机登录到租赁服务系统中，通过扫描二维码或输入车辆编号以进行 系统确认，系统后台对指定车辆状态（可用或不可用），以及用户资格进行确认，通过确认后 对车辆下达解锁指令；</p><p>5）用户在用完车辆后关闭车锁，车辆自身将闭锁状态上报到租赁服务系统中，完成车辆状态 的更新和用户租赁费用结算；</p><p>6）系统应具备一定的扩容能力，以满足未来市场规模扩张的需要。 项目组李工认为该系统功能相对独立，系统可分解为不同的独立功能模块，适合采用结构化 分析与设计方法对系统进行分析与设计。但王工认为，系统可管理的对象明确，而且项目团 队具有较强的面向对象系统开发经验，建议采用面向对象分析与设计方法。经项目组讨论， 决定采用王工的建议，采用面向对象分析与设计方法开发系统。</p><p>【问题 2】 （12 分）</p><p>请分析下面 A~Q 所列出的共享单车租赁服务系统中的概念类及其方法，在图 2-1 所示用例图 （1） ~ （12）处补充所缺失信息。</p><p>（2）A.用户，B.共享单车，C.用户管理，D.注册，E.注销，F.用户查询，G 单车管理，H.租赁，I.归还，J.单车查询，K.费用管理，L.保证金管理，M.租赁费管理，N.数据存储管理， O.用户数据存储管理，P.单车数据存储管理，Q.费用结算，R.身份认证</p><p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/80c06b92ad5fbe0a1e5630206f9df8ec.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"80c06b92ad5fbe0a1e5630206f9df8ec.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p>","analyze":"<p>无</p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>（1）D.注册</p><p>（2）F.用户查询</p><p>（3）C.用户管理</p><p>（4）R.身份认证</p><p>（5）A.用户</p><p>（6）N.数据存储管理</p><p>（7）P.单车数据存储管理</p><p>（8）I.归还</p><p>（9）B.共享单车</p><p>（10）K.费用管理</p><p>（11）L.保证金管理</p><p>（12）Q.费用结算</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918577110011905","title":"<br><p><br/></p><h3 style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;margin-left:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:0.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:汉仪中圆简;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:汉仪中圆简\">试题一</span> <span style=\"font-family:汉仪中圆简\">论需求分析方法及应用</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:汉仪中圆简;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></h3><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求分析是提炼、分析和仔细审查已经获取到的需求的过程。需求分析的目的是确保所有的项目干系人</span>(<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">利益相关者</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">)</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">都理解需求的含义并找出其中的错误、遗漏或其它不足的地方。需求分析的关键在于对问题域的研究与理解。为了便于理解问题域，现代软件工程所推荐的需求分析方法是对问题域进行抽象，将其分解为若干个基本元素，然后对元素之间的关系进行建模。常见的需求分析方法包括面向对象的分析方法、面向问题域的分析方法、结构化分析方法等。而无论采用何种方法，需求分析的主要工作内容都基本相同。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">请围绕</span>"<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">需求分析方法及应用</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">"</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">论题，依次从以下三个方面进行论述。</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">1. <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">简要叙述你参与管理和开发的软件系统开发项目以及你在其中所承担的主要工作。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">2. <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">概要论述需求分析工作过程所包含的主要工作内容。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">3. <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">结合你具体参与管理和开发的实际项目，说明采用了何种需求分析方法，并举例详细描述具体的需求分析过程。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","analyze":"<p><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体; background: #D9D9D9;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">解析</span></span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;\">：</span><span style=\"text-indent: 21pt; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;\">本文的内容组织过程中需要注意的，主要是需求分析涉及到的工作内容。需求分析的工作通常包括以下七个方面：</span><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）绘制系统上下文范围关系图：这种关系图是用于定义系统与系统外部实体间的界限和接口的简单模型，它可以为需求确定一个范围。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）创建用户界面原型：用户界面对于一个系统来说是十分重要的，因此在需求分析阶段通过快速开发工具开发一个抛弃式原型，或者通过</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">PowerPoint</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">、</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">Flash</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">等演示工具制作一个演示原型，甚至是用纸和笔画出一些关键的界面接口示意图，将帮助用户更好地理解所要解决的问题，更好地理解系统。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）分析需求的可行性：对所有获得的需求进行成本、性能和技术实现方面的可行性研究，以及这些需求项是否与其他的需求项有冲突，是否有对外的依赖关系等。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）确定需求的优先级：这是一项很重要的工作，迭代开发已经成为了现代软件工程方法的一个基础，而需求的优先级是制订迭代计划的一个最重要的依据。对于需求优先级的描述，可以采用满意度和不满意度指标进行说明。其中满意度表示当需求被实现时用户的满意程度，不满意度表示当需求未被实现时用户的不满意程度。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>5<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）为需求建立模型：也就是建立分析模型，这些模型的表现形式主要是图表加上少量的文字描述，所谓“一图抵千字”，图形化地描述需求将使得其更加清晰、易懂。根据采用的分析方法不同，采用的图也将不同。例如，</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">OOA</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">中的用例模型和领域模型，</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SA</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">中的</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">DFD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">和</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">E-R</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">图等。需求分析模型主要描述系统的数据、功能、用户界面和运行的外部行为，它是系统的一种逻辑表示技术，并不涉及软件的具体实现细节。需求分析模型可以帮助系统分析师理解系统，使需求分析任务更加容易实现。同时，它也是以后进行软件设计的基础，为软件设计提供了系统的表示视图。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>6<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）创建数据字典：数据字典是对系统用到的所有数据项和结构进行定义，以确保开发人员使用了统一的数据定义。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-right:0.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;text-indent:21.0000pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>7<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）使用</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">QFD</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：这是在需求优先级基础上的一个升华，其原理与满意度和不满意度指标十分接近，通过将产品特性、属性与对用户的重要性联系起来。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>见解析</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794932464102428673","title":"<br><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">试题五</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">共</span>25分）</span></strong><br/></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">阅读以下关于</span>Web应用的叙述，在答题纸上回答问题1至问题2。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【说明】</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">某软件公司拟为其客户开发一套基于</span>Web的电子商务系统，该系统向终端用户提供在线购物功能。近期，项目组召开会议对以下两项需求进行了重点讨论：</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）系统终端用户的界面呈现应提供丰富的多媒体信息，包括文本、图片、动画、视频及语音消息。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）系统上线后需应对大量客户端并发请求处理，商家促销活动时，并发用户数可能会达到20万的规模；系统预期用户呈明显地地域集中分布特征。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"> </span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>1】 </span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">项目组在讨论实现需求（</span>1）的技术方案时，首先确定了以下技术原则：</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>a）应在开发阶段容易获得良好的协作开发环境支持；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>b）应考虑客户端浏览器的兼容性；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>c）应尽可能使系统具有良好的可维护性；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>d）应考虑公司开发人员的技术学习成本。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">项目组就</span>Flex与HTML5两种技术方案进行了论证，综合考虑上述技术原则要求，最终采用了基于Flex的技术方案，请结合需求（1）及上述技术原则，对比Flex与HTML5两种技术方案的优劣，说明采用基于Flex的技术方案的原因。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><strong style=\"font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>2】 </span></strong><br/></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">项目组在讨论实现需求（</span>2）的技术方案时，首先确定了以下技术原则：</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>a）系统中商品信息及用户信息按类别划分不同数据库或表存放；</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>b<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）系统应提供热备份机制以防止服务器意外失效；</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>c<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）为满足大规模并发处理要求，系统软硬件投入可根据需要追加。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">项目组经过集思广益，抽取了</span>HTML<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">静态化、缓存、库表散列、集群与镜像、负载均衡等候选技术手段。请结合需求（</span><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">2</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）及相应技</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">术原则，分析上述技术手段在本项目中的可行性，将结果填入表格</span>5-1中。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/6eac9913bc25dbce107941cb6770fd84.png?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\"/></span></p>","analyze":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>1】 </span></strong><br/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">答：</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">从需求（</span>1)看，该系统域于典型的富互联网应用，而基于Flex与HTML5的技术方案均可实现系统客户端多媒体呈现的基本要求，但HTML5往往需要同时配合CCS与JavaScrip t来实现完整的页面展现，对照项目组确定的技术原则，这两种方案存在以下主要区别：</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><br/></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）协作开发环境支持：Flex具备更好的协作开发环境，包括IDE、编泽器、调试工具及分析工具等，而目前HTML5开发过程中没有很好的协作环境，调试过程比Flex 开发相对困难。</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）浏览器兼容性：Flex通过插件来实现浏览器的兼容性，一次开发可以适应目前主流的浏览器，而HTML5目前的浏览器兼容性较差，调试时需要针对不同浏览器调整可靠性、屏幕大小等具体参数，来确定界面呈现的具体效果，因此其兼容性目前相对Flex而言要更差一些。</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）可维护性：基于Flex的开发方法目前已比较成熟，如Flex Spark幵发框架对MVC模式有良好的支持，可以实现表现层与逻辑层的分离，而在HTML5中，由于目前JavaScript对面向对象支持并不完善等原因，使得基于HTML5的开发没有形成规范的开发流程，因此系统的维护成本要比Flex高。</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4）技术学习成本：由于HTML5往往需要同时配合CCS与JavaScript来实现完整的页面展现，因此对不熟悉的技术人员来讲，需要学习的技术较多，与Flex相比，学习成本，尤其是初学的成本要更大一些。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【问题</span>2】 </span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">答：（</span>1<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">）</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\">HTML<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">静态化手段可实现对系统经常访问的网页进行静态化以提高系统访问效率，但系统页面通常需要根据数据库中的用户信息、商品信息、订单信息及评论信息动态显示，且内容更新频繁</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">。</span></span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><br/></span></strong></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">因此不适合采用。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">缓存技术手段</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">根据在线购物业务的特征，系统应用需要频繁访问数据库，因此可以对经常访问的数据建立缓存，以提高并发访问效率。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">因此适合。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">根据技术原则（</span>a)<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">，系统中商品信息及用户信息按类别划分不同数据库或表存放，因此可以采用库表散列的手段提高数据库并发访问效率。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">因此适合。</span></span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'Times New Roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 10.35pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（2）</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">根据需求（</span>2)，系统需有效处理大量并发请求，且系统预期用户呈明显地域集中分布特征，因此可以采用集群与镜像手段提高用户的并发访问效率，且技术原则(b)要求系统应提供热备份机制以防止服务器意外失效，因此可以采用镜像机制提高系统的可靠性，根据题干中技术原则（c)，又可根据需要追加集群与镜像所需的软硬件投入。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 10.35pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\">（3）</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">负载均衡将是大型</span>Web应用解决高负荷访问和大量并发请求时常用的有效解决方法，在系统采用集群和镜像技术手段时，负载均衡也是系统必须采用的相应配合手段。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 20.7pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">综上不难看出，除</span>HTML静态化手段外，其他四种技术手段均可应用于本系统，以提高大规模用户并发访问的处理效率。</span><span style=\"mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;line-height:150%;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;\"></span></p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; line-height: 150%; font-size: 10.5pt;\"></span></strong></p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>见解析</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918055829327873","title":"<br><p>【说明】 某公司是一家以运动健身器材销售为主营业务的企业，为了扩展销售渠道，解决原销售系统存在的许多问题，公司委托某软件企业开发一套运动健身器材在线销售系统。目前，新系统开发处于问题分析阶段，所分析各项内容如下所述：</p><p>（a）用户需要用键盘输入复杂且存在重复的商品信息；</p><p>（b）订单信息页面自动获取商品信息并填充；</p><p>（c）商品订单需要远程访问库存数据并打印提货单；</p><p>（d）自动生成电子提货单并发送给仓库系统；</p><p>（e）商品编码应与原系统商品编码保持一致；</p><p>（f）商品订单处理速度太慢；</p><p>（g）订单处理的平均时间减少 30%；</p><p>（h）数据编辑服务器 CPU 性能较低；</p><p>（i）系统运维人员数量不能增加。</p><p>【问题 1】 （8 分） 问题分析阶段主要完成对项目开发的问题、机会和或指示的更全面的理解。请说明系统分析师在问题分析阶段通常需要完成哪四项主要任务。</p>","analyze":"<p>无</p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>系统分析师在问题分析阶段通常需要完成的主要任务包括</p><p>（1）、研究问题领域：利用信息系统框架来列出和定义系统领域。</p><p>（2）、分析问题和机会</p><p>（3）、分析业务过程</p><p>（4）、确定系统改进目标</p><p>（5）、修正项目计划</p><p>（6）、阶段确认</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918058958278657","title":"<br><p>【说明】 某软件公司为共享单车租赁公司开发一套单车租赁服务系统，公司项目组对此待开发项目进 行了分析，具体描述如下：</p><p>1）用户（非注册用户）通过手机向租赁服务系统进行注册，成为可租赁共享单车的合法用户， 其中包括提供身份、手机号等信息，并支付约定押金；</p><p>2）将采购的共享单车注册到租赁服务系统后方可投入使用。即将单车的标识信息（车辆编号、 二维码等）录入到系统；</p><p>3）用户（注册或非注册用户）通过手机查询可获得单车的地理位置信息以便就近取用；</p><p>4）用户（注册用户）通过手机登录到租赁服务系统中，通过扫描二维码或输入车辆编号以进行 系统确认，系统后台对指定车辆状态（可用或不可用），以及用户资格进行确认，通过确认后 对车辆下达解锁指令；</p><p>5）用户在用完车辆后关闭车锁，车辆自身将闭锁状态上报到租赁服务系统中，完成车辆状态 的更新和用户租赁费用结算；</p><p>6）系统应具备一定的扩容能力，以满足未来市场规模扩张的需要。 项目组李工认为该系统功能相对独立，系统可分解为不同的独立功能模块，适合采用结构化 分析与设计方法对系统进行分析与设计。但王工认为，系统可管理的对象明确，而且项目团 队具有较强的面向对象系统开发经验，建议采用面向对象分析与设计方法。经项目组讨论， 决定采用王工的建议，采用面向对象分析与设计方法开发系统。</p><p>【问题 1】 （7 分） 在系统分析阶段，结构化分析和面向对象分析方法主要分析过程和分析模型均有所区 别，请将（a） ~ （g）各项内容填入表 2-1 （1）~ （4）处对应位置。</p><p>表 2-1 系统分析方法比较</p><p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/969d848e7e292dd496957ef34dea6041.jpg?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"969d848e7e292dd496957ef34dea6041.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p><p>（a）确定目标系统概念类；</p><p>（b）实体关系图（ERD）；</p><p>（c）用例图；</p><p>（d）通过功能分解方式把系统功能分解到各个模块中；</p><p>（e）交互图；</p><p>（f）数据流图（DFD）；</p><p>（g）建立类间交互关系。</p>","analyze":"<p>无</p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>（1）d</p><p>（2）b、f</p><p>（3）a、g</p><p>（4）c、e</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null},{"id":"794918057112784897","title":"<br><p>【说明】 某公司是一家以运动健身器材销售为主营业务的企业，为了扩展销售渠道，解决原销售系统存在的许多问题，公司委托某软件企业开发一套运动健身器材在线销售系统。目前，新系统开发处于问题分析阶段，所分析各项内容如下所述：</p><p>（a）用户需要用键盘输入复杂且存在重复的商品信息；</p><p>（b）订单信息页面自动获取商品信息并填充；</p><p>（c）商品订单需要远程访问库存数据并打印提货单；</p><p>（d）自动生成电子提货单并发送给仓库系统；</p><p>（e）商品编码应与原系统商品编码保持一致；</p><p>（f）商品订单处理速度太慢；</p><p>（g）订单处理的平均时间减少 30%；</p><p>（h）数据编辑服务器 CPU 性能较低；</p><p>（i）系统运维人员数量不能增加。<br/></p><p>【问题1】（8分）</p><p>问题分析阶段主要完成对项目开发的问题、机会和或指示的更全面的理解。请说明系统分析师在问题分析阶段通常需要完成哪四项主要任务。</p><p><br/>【问题 2】（9 分） 因果分析是问题分析阶段一项重要技术，可以得出对系统问题的真正理解，并且有助于得到 更具有创造性和价值的方案。请将题目中所列（a）~（i）各项内容填入表中（1）~（4） 对应位置。<br/><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/9e689a007818f0e4020240d7e849553b.png?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"9e689a007818f0e4020240d7e849553b.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/><br/></p><p>【问题3】（8分）</p><p>系统约束条件可以分为四类，请将类别名称填入表中（1）~（4）对应的位置。</p><p>表1-2约束条件分类</p><p><img style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https://image.chaiding.com/ruankao/6084d33afbba2bde0341369046fff0a9.png?x-oss-process=style/ruankaodaren\" title=\"6084d33afbba2bde0341369046fff0a9.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>","analyze":"<p>无</p>","multi":0,"questionType":3,"answer":"<p>【问题1】（8分）</p><p>问题分析的目标就是在开发之前对要解决的问题有一个更透彻的理解。为了达到这一目标，通常需要经过在问题定义上达成共识，理解问题的本质。</p><p>问题分析阶段的四项主要任务包括：</p><p>（1）研究问题领域</p><p>（2）分析问题和机会</p><p>（3）制定系统改进目标</p><p>（4）修改项目计划</p><p>【问题2】（9分）</p><p>（1）f</p><p>（2）a、c、h</p><p>（3）b、d、g</p><p>（4）e、i</p><p>【问题3】（8分）</p><p>（1）进度</p><p>（2）成本</p><p>（3）功能</p><p>（4）质量</p>","chooseItem":null,"itemList":null,"userAnswer":null,"userChooseItem":null,"answerCorrect":null,"userCollect":null}]}}
